The pathophysiology of Syphilis is worth knowing, and a great concern for many in this present world.
It remains a contemporary plague that continues to afflict millions of people worldwide.
Spirochete Treponema pallidum is the pathogen that causes this bacterial infection. Due to its many protean clinical manifestations, it has been named the “great imitator.”
Treponema genus is a spiral-shaped bacteria with a rich outer phospholipid membrane that belongs to the spirochetal order. It has a slow metabolizing rate as it takes an average of 30 hours to multiply.
Introduction to the pathophysiology of syphilis
pallidum is the only agent that causes venereal disease. The other T. pallidumsubspecies cause non-venereal disease that is transmitted via nonsexual contact: Treponema pertenuecauses yaws, Treponema pallidum endemicum causes endemic syphilis, and Treponema carateum causes pinta. All the treponematoses have similar DNA but differ in their geographical distribution and pathogenesis.
The origin of syphilis has been controversial and under great debate, and many theories have been postulated regarding this.
The pre-Columbian theory looked at findings on skeletal markers of syphilis before 1490. However, there is insufficient proof, as evidenced by the DNA and paleopathology findings, to support the existence of syphilis before 1492.
The infection progresses through 3 stages and can affect many organ systems.
Pathophysiology of syphilis and stages
Treponema pallidum is a very tiny organism that is invisible on light microscopy. Thus, it is identified by its distinct spiral movements on darkfield microscopy.
The primary syphilis presentation is a solitary non-tender genital chancre in response to invasion by the T. pallidum.
However, patients can have multiple non-genital chancres, such as digits, nipples, tonsils, oral mucosa. These lesions can occur at any site of direct contact with the infected lesion.
Even without treatment, these primary lesions will go away without scarring. If left untreated, primary syphilis can progress to secondary syphilis.
Secondary syphilis results from hematogenous {blood} dissemination of the infection and is protean which gives it the name “great imitator” {mimics the symptoms of numerous diseases}
Both primary and secondary lesions resolve without treatment, and the patient enters either an early or latent phase in which no clinical manifestations are present. The infection can only be detected at this stage with serological testing.
Some patients in this stage will progress to the tertiary stage, characterized by cardiovascular syphilis, neurosyphilis, and late benign syphilis.
The incubation period is about 20 to 90 days. The organism does invade the CNS early, but symptoms appear late.
Below is the summary of the pathophysiology of syphilis with the 3 stages involved
Primary syphilis
In the pathophysiology of syphilis, the primary stage can also be regarded as the early stage.
Here, an infected person gets one or more sores called chancres, which are small painless ulcers.
It occurs on the genitals, rectum, anus, or around your mouth between 10 and 90 days (3 weeks on average) after you’re exposed to the disease.
If left untreated, they heal without a scar within 6 weeks.
Secondary syphilis
In this stage of the pathophysiology of syphilis, infected persons get a rosy “copper penny” rash on the palms of their hands and the soles of their feet.
They may also have different rashes on other parts of their body.
These may look like rashes caused by other diseases and will resolve on their own without treatment.
Tertiary syphilis
In this stage of the pathophysiology of syphilis, the infection if left untreated, will progress to the stage marked by severe problems relating to the cardiovascular system, nervous system, and other systems. The impairment caused by syphilis to these systems could be fatal.
From the tertiary stage of syphilis, it progresses to other stages which may also be regarded as the types of syphilis.
Neurosyphilis where it affects the nervous system
Congenital syphilis where it can be transmitted from mother to child
As tuberculosis cannot be discussed without mentioning HIV syphilis cannot be discussed without mentioning HIV.
Both are clinically related in the sense that a person with sexually transmitted syphilis has an estimated two- to fivefold increased risk of contracting HIV.
This is because a syphilis sore can bleed easily, providing an easy way for HIV to enter your bloodstream during sexual activity.
The pathophysiology of syphilis made easy
Stage of syphilis
Clinical manifestations
Primary
Chancre, regional lymphadenopathy
Secondary
Maculopapular rash on the flank, shoulder, arm, chest, back, hands, and soles of feet; malaise, headache, generalized lymphadenopathy; less common: fever, anorexia, weight loss, mucous patches; condyloma lata; alopecia, meningitis; myalgia; ocular complaints; hepatic, pulmonary, and neurological involvement
Multiple persistent chancres; ocular involvement and neurosyphilis more common; rapid progression to gummatous disease characterized by lesions of skin, bone, and viscera
Syphilis Diagnosis and Tests
Blood tests
A quick test at your doctor’s office or a public health clinic can diagnose syphilis.
Cerebrospinal fluid tests
If your doctor thinks you might have neurosyphilis, they’ll test fluid taken from around your spinal cord.
Darkfield microscopy
Syphilis bacteria are visible through a microscope in fluid taken from a skin sore or lymph node.
Can syphilis be prevented?
There is no vaccine available to prevent syphilis.
The use of safe sex practices, including condom use, can only prevent syphilis if the infectious chancre is located in a body area protected by a condom.
Washing or douching after sexual activity cannot prevent the infection. It is not always possible to know whether a sex partner is infected with syphilis because the chancre (ulcer) may be located inside the vagina or rectum.
Neonatal syphilis is preventable by treating the mother early in her pregnancy.
The top hospitals in Lagos Nigeria are worth knowing because of their impact on the metropolitan city in Nigeria.
These hospitals are important elements that function to provide adequate and timely medical care but also track, monitor, and control disease outbreaks in Lagos Nigeria.
The list of hospitals in Lagos Nigeria is an essential one for everybody most especially for people living in this metropolitan state.
Health is a fundamental right that needs to be supported for economic growth and development. This is why Governments all over the world have been under increasing pressure to improve health care services while seeking to employ scarce resources effectively.
This article briefly reviews the state of the hospitals in Lagos Nigeria. And also the health care system and to provide possible recommendations to the worsening state of health care in Lagos and the country at large.
Introduction to the list of hospitals in Lagos Nigeria
In Nigeria, when it comes to matters of health, Lagos is listed among States in the “high end” class because of the high population and variety of general and specialist health facilities on offer.
Statistics from the Healthcare Facilities Monitoring and Accreditation Agency, HEFAMAA, show that hospitals in Lagos Nigeria are as follows, 26 registered General Hospitals and 256 public healthcare centers.
Considering the number of hospitals in Lagos Nigeria, we will be considering over 20 top hospitals scattered in Lagos state Nigeria.
Despite the high number of health facilities, the talk about crowded emergency wards, lack of empathy from health workers, and having to wait endlessly before getting a shared room in hospitals were common complaints.
Those are problems that can be explained from the perspective of Lagos being a victim of its success as in adding to the State’s status as a megacity of more than 23 million people, it daily receives an influx of people across the Federation seeking quality health care services.
Generally, clever approaches have been taken to boost the effectiveness of the hospitals in Lagos Nigeria, and the general health system.
These efforts are geared towards minimizing the current trend of Nigerians traveling abroad in search of medical treatment to drive the concept of medical tourism.
Equally, in the year 2017, over 30 billion was budgeted for the health sectors and hospitals in Lagos Nigeria most especially the government-owned hospitals.
One of the hospitals in Lagos Nigeria had carried out over 2 successful kidney transplants a success that can never be erased in the health sector of Nigeria at large.
The list of top hospitals in Lagos Nigeria in this article is selected from federal, state, and private-owned hospitals.
Top Hospitals in Lagos Nigeria
Lagos Island Maternity Hospital 10, Campbell street, beside st Nicholas hospital Lagos Island
Isalu Hospitals 349b Odusami Street, off Wemco Rd, Ogba, Ikeja
Nicholas Hospital, Lagos Lagos Island
Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) Idi-Araba, Surulere, Lagos
First Consultant Hospital Obalende
Creek Hospital Onikan, Lagos Island
Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH) Ikeja, Lagos
National Orthopaedic Hospital Lagos
Lagoon Hospitals Lagos
Mercy Stripes Specialist Hospital 30 Philip Taiwo Street Coker Estate Shasha
Eko Hospital Ikeja
Reddington Hospital Victoria Island
Lagos Island General Hospital Odan, Lagos
Yaba Psychiatric Hospital Yaba, Lagos
Flying Doctors Nigeria Lagos, operates in West Africa
Mart Life Detox Clinic Maryland, Lagos
Gbagada General Hospital Lagos
Ikeja General Hospital Ikeja, Lagos
Holy Trinity Hospital Ikeja
Adefemi Hospital Ikeja
Ifako-Ijaiye General Hospital by College Road/Iju-Ishaga Road
Isolo General Hospital Oke Afa Road Isolo
Ikorodu General Hospital TOS Benson Road Ikorodu
Lagos Island Maternity Hospital
Lagos Island Maternity Hospital, Campbell Street, Lagos owned by Lagos State Government, is a specialist Hospital that caters to all aspects of Obstetric and Gynaecological problems and is a referral secondary center for many private Hospitals.
As an organ of the Lagos State Government, the hospital is mandated to provide 24 hours uninterrupted maternity and gynecological services to the citizens of Lagos State particularly, and other persons that may so wish to access its services.
LOCATION: 10, Campbell street, beside st Nicholas hospital Lagos Island
This hospital is an outstanding one in health care delivery. It was established in the year 2004 and since has been an impressive development in service delivery methods and customers satisfaction.
The hospital idea was conceived to bridge the gap in the healthcare delivery system.
LOCATION: 349b Odusami Street, off Wemco Rd, Ogba, Ikeja
CONTACT: 080262287502
St. Nicholas Hospital
The original St. Nicholas Hospital was a converted dwelling house. It was registered as a private hospital on 29th July 1952.
From its inception, it admitted mainly obstetrics, gynecology, and pediatric cases, thus the name St. Nicholas being the patron Saint of women and children.
Its mission is to serve the health care needs of our community by providing comprehensive care to prevent illness, relieve suffering, restore health and promote well-being during each life stage.
This tertiary health institution is one of the hospitals in Lagos Nigeria. The hospital was established in 1962 and is affiliated with the University of Lagos College of Medicine.
One of the main facilities within the Lagos University Teaching Hospital is the ICU unit. Established in September 1963, the unit serves as the first line of care for patients with serious to life-threatening conditions or injuries.
As of 2015, the ICU unit was staffed by 11 anesthetists and doctors with varying experience levels. In total, there is 23 nursing staff.
It is a 10-bed compact unit. This number has significantly grown since a study conducted between 1963 and 1973 where the teaching hospital had constantly fluctuating and low numbers due to high staff turnover.
LOCATION: Idi-Araba, Surulere, Lagos
CONTACT: 0807 059 1395
First Consultant Hospital Obalende
First Consultant Hospital (also known as First Consultant Medical Centre) is a private hospital in Lagos.
The hospital came to worldwide attention in 2014 as the hospital where the Ebola virus disease patient Patrick Sawyer was taken after becoming ill on arrival in Lagos. Sawyer later died at the hospital on 24 July.
On 19 August, it was reported that the doctor who treated Sawyer at the hospital, Ameyo Adadevoh, had also died of Ebola disease. Adadevoh was posthumously praised for preventing Sawyer from leaving the hospital at the time of diagnosis, thereby playing a key role in curbing the spread of the virus in Nigeria.
LOCATION: St. Gregory’s College Road in Obalende, a neighborhood of Lagos Island, in Lagos.
Creek Hospital Onikan, Lagos Island
Creek Hospital (formerly Federal Staff Hospital, Lagos, also known as Military Hospital, Lagos) is a hospital in Onikan, Lagos Island.
Creek Hospital was originally a European hospital established in the 1880s to cater to the health of European expatriates in colonial Lagos. Dr. Gray and Atkins were the pioneer staff doctors.
The hospital had a good reputation for medical expertise in Nigeria. The hospital-acquired its current name (Creek Hospital) in 1924, when the colonial government took over from the hospital. In 1925, Dr. Grays’ Creek Hospital was renamed European Hospital.
The hospital was later renamed Military Hospital, Onikan, Lagos in 1947. Creek Hospital’s facility (Federal Staff Hospital) at Awolowo Road, Ikoyi, Lagos continued operations at Apo Legislative Quarters after federal civil servants moved from Lagos to Abuja.
Creek Hospital was upgraded from a 28–bed health facility to a 150–bed hospital to provide additional medical services to Lagosians.
LOCATION: 18 Awolowo Rd, Ikoyi, Lagos
CONTACT: 0805 100 1711
Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH) Ikeja, Lagos
The Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Ikeja emerged from a modest cottage hospital, which was established 25th of June, 1955 by the old Western Regional Government to provide health care services for the people of Ikeja and its environment.
Also, the cottage hospital later metamorphosed into a full-fledged general hospital, which served as a secondary-level health care facility.
The need for a tertiary health care facility for the training of doctors and other allied health care professionals to provide high-quality clinical services led to its upgrade from a general hospital to a modern, well-equipped center of excellence armed with the state of art equipment teaching hospital. The Lagos State Government formally converted the Ikeja General Hospital to the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital in July 2001.
LOCATION: 1 – 5, Oba Akinjobi Road, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria
In the list of hospitals in Lagos Nigeria, the institution started as a Military Rehabilitation Camp for prisoners of war returning from the 2nd World War.
After recognition by Colonial Medical Services in 1945, it became a Medical establishment known as Igbobi Orthopaedic Hospital. In name, the hospital has undergone a metamorphosis from Igbobi Hospital to royal Orthopaedic Hospital and now National Orthopaedic Hospital.
The hospital, between 1945 and 1977 was at various times under the administration of the Federal Government and Lagos State Government. It has however remained a federal Government health institution since 1977 to date. The hospital can accommodate up to 450 patients.
Lagoon Hospitals has consistently been providing healthcare of international standards to the people of Nigeria.
Established in 1984 by Professor Emmanuel and Professor (Mrs.) Oyin Elebute, and commencing operations in 1986 as a provider of integrated healthcare services, Lagoon Hospitals is currently the largest private healthcare services Group in Nigeria with 6 healthcare facilities.
Lagoon Hospitals is the only Nigerian Hospital accredited by the Joint Commission International, and one of two in Sub-Saharan African to be so accredited.
The Hospital was first accredited in 2011 and re-accredited in 2014 and 2017. This is a guarantee of safe and quality healthcare that meets international standards.
Recently, Lagoon Hospitals received her Certificate of Re-accreditation from JCI.
LOCATION: 97, 101 Obafemi Awolowo Way, Ikeja, Lagos, 8 Marine Rd, Apapa, Lagos, 13 Idejo St, Victoria Island, Lagos
CONTACT: 0819 144 2246
Eko Hospital Ikeja
The Eko Hospital is a private hospital located at Ikeja with an annex in Ikoyi, Central Lagos, Surulere, Lagos State Nigeria. This hospital was established in 1982 to succeed Mercy Specialist Clinic, a clinic that operated in the late 1970s to provide health care services to the entire people of Lagos State, Nigeria.
Eko hospital provides a wide range of health services, including secondary services for its local population, regional as well as national health services. Eko hospital is the first private hospital to be quoted on the floor of the Nigerian Stock Exchange
Eko hospital has an annex at Ikeja consisting of about 130 beds space with the basic medical equipment for conducting series of a diagnostic tests. The Surulere annex is a 40-bed secondary health care facility.
LOCATION: 31 Mobolaji Bank Anthony Way, Opebi, Lagos
CONTACT: 01 271 6997
Reddington Hospital Victoria Island
The Reddington Healthcare Group is renowned in Nigeria and abroad for medical excellence and attracts world-class Specialist Doctors and Surgeons.
Reddington is a 5-star, one-stop facility providing comprehensive solutions to your healthcare needs. The facility was set up as a tertiary center with multiple specialties, committed to delivering excellent service in the medical field, with all departments supported by the latest technology and state-of-the-art medical equipment.
The Hospital has been thoughtfully planned and equipped to support the highest levels of patient safety, service excellence, and quality clinical care.
Of many hospitals in Lagos Nigeria, this hospital is one of the several general hospitals of the Lagos State Government.
It was established as a military hospital for the treatment of ill members of the British Armed forces during the colonial era. At the time of its establishment in 1893, it was the first general hospital in Nigeria.
The pioneer staff was nationalities of the British Commonwealth. On 1 October 1960, the hospital was handed over to the Federal Government and on 7 May 1967, it was finally taken over by the Lagos State Government.
LOCATION 1 – 3 Broad St, Odan, Lagos
Yaba Psychiatric Hospital Yaba, Lagos
Psychiatric Hospital, Yaba came into existence on October 31, 1907, when the hospital was set up as an asylum under British Colonial rule.
The first batch of 48 inmates was admitted in a disused Nigeria Railway Building in Yaba.
Over the years, the hospital has witnessed four developmental stages. The first stage, (1907-1950) was purely asylum state. The function of the hospital was custodial i.e. keeping the mentally ill away from society.
During this period, there were padded cells, and drugs such as paraldehyde, mist alba, etc were prescribed by the doctors and administered by the asylum attendants. There were no nurses, no beds and beddings, no uniform, and no form of psychiatric treatment.
However, medical doctors from the Ministry of Health paid occasional visits to give minimal treatment. The buildings were dilapidated and the inmates lived in appalling sanitary conditions. It was truly an asylum and its name at that time was the Yaba Lunatic Asylum.
This clinic is based on longstanding academic research, scientific and clinical publications coupled with international collaborations with reputable Viva-Mayr (Mayr modern medicine) of Austria, Piroche company in Italy, the bio-identical Sabre Sciences Laboratory, and Nutrivital Bioenergetics.
We have combined all these modern technologies and customized them for the African environment in order to provide an outstanding, cutting-edge, reliable, and reputable holistic healthcare and medical spa.
Here is the list of federal hospitals in Nigeria built and funded by the Nigerian government in the quest for better medical facilities in the country.
I bet, your presence on this post is not by accident because we are not only going to give you a comprehensive and updated list of federal hospitals in Nigeria but also all essential things you are bound to know about federal hospitals in Nigeria.
According to the federal ministry of health Nigeria, there are 22 federal hospitals or medical centres usually abbreviated as FMCs in Nigeria distributed in various states of the federation including the federal capital territory Abuja.
Most of the centres are situated in the State capitals, especially in situations where the apex secondary health institution run by the state does not adequately meet the demands for specialist health care.
Introduction to the list of federal hospitals in Nigeria
The local government provides the primary healthcare while the state government takes the responsibility of seeing through the secondary healthcare system. In the case of the tertiary health system, the federal government takes care of it.
On that note, the federal government established federal medical hospitals in states that lack federal university teaching hospitals although that does not apply to all states. For instance, Lagos state has more than one federal hospital.
The list of federal hospitals in Nigeria that will be discussed in this article provides care for routine medical and surgical problems for specific patient populations, such as cases that overcome the primary and secondary health care system.
Difference between a federal hospital and a teaching hospital
Considering the list of federal hospitals in Nigeria, we have 22 medical centres in Nigeria as earlier mentioned but over 100 teaching hospitals are scattered all over the country.
Let’s not get it twisted a federal hospital in Nigeria could also be a teaching hospital. For people that keep asking this question the question is to be rephrased as “the difference between federal teaching hospitals and other teaching hospitals” like state and organizations or individual hospitals.
In terms of capacity, the federal hospitals in Nigeria have a greater capacity to contain critical cases and accommodate many health care providers at once than other teaching hospitals within the federation.
Also, federal hospitals in Nigeria are cost-friendly compared to other hospitals in the nation because the federal government take care of the general affairs.
It is equally important you consider expensive medical equipment which can barely be afforded by states, organizations and individual owned hospitals.
There are several other differences ranging from recognition to research capacities.
What is the importance of having federal hospitals in Nigeria?
Initially, the Nigerian healthcare system is underdeveloped and does not meet critical needs. Much of the healthcare infrastructure is confined to major cities with people living in urban areas getting four times as much access to healthcare as those living in the rural areas.
The private health sector is highly fragmented, consisting of many small medical facilities that are privately owned by medical professionals. Most of these hospitals have less than 10 beds with minimal facilities.
Nevertheless, these federal hospitals stand as a bridge for most medical needs. Despite these recent improvements, Nigeria’s health infrastructure still remains low and insufficient to cater for its growing population. As a result, each year, over 10,000 Nigerians travel abroad to seek attention.
List of federal hospitals in Nigeria
Federal Medical Centre, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State.
Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Ogun State.
Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Delta State.
Federal Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria, Federal Capital Territory.
Federal Medical Centre, Azare, Bauchi State.
Federal Medical Centre (Bida), Bida, Niger State.
Federal Medical Centre, Birnin-Kebbi, Kebbi State.
Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kudu, Jigawa State.
Federal Medical Centre, Ebute-Meta, Lagos State.
Federal Medical Centre, Gombe, Gombe State.
Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Zamfara State.
Federal Medical Centre, Ido Ekiti, Ekiti State
Federal Medical Centre, Jalingo, Taraba State.
Federal Medical Centre, Katsina, Katsina State.
Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, Nasarawa State.
Federal Medical Centre, Lokoja, Kogi State.
Federal Medical Centre, Makurdi, Benue State.
Federal Medical Centre, Nguru, Yobe State.
Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Imo State.
Federal Medical Centre (Owo), Owo Ondo State.
Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Abia State.
Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State
Federal Medical Centre, Yola, Adamawa State
Federal Medical centre Abakilkiki
This hospital falls on the list of federal hospitals in Nigeria. It is generally known as Alex Ekwueme University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, as it is known today, was established in the early 1930s by the British Colonial administration.
It is a frontline tertiary health institution dedicated to the delivery of efficient, effective, and qualitative services comparable with internationally acceptable best practices. As a Teaching Hospital, it is committed to attaining its core goals.
This federal hospital in Nigeria is a 250-bedded regional specialist hospital, which came into existence on 21st April 1993 with a philosophy of excellence in the provision of medical services to the gateway state of Ogun and other neighbouring states and nations. It is also on the list of federal hospitals in Nigeria.
Over the years, the scope of this philosophy has gradually expanded to further encompass excellence in training and research so that today we can rightly say that the hospital stands on a tripod of excellence in research, training and health care service delivery.
The institution tool over its current site from the central hospital. Asaba which itself metamorphosed from the colonial cottage \hospital of the Mid-Western region with its foundation stone was laid by the then Western Region Commissioner for Health, Mr J. Adigun, in March 1962 with a thirty-bed complement.
That was the position of the service state health institution when the federal government took over in August 1998 and renamed it Federal Medical Centre, Asaba.
With such antecedent, the new Tertiary Health Centre took off with inadequate, obsolete, dilapidated infrastructure and equipment made even worse by a lack of the take of grant. It is also on the list of federal hospitals in Nigeria.
LOCATION Along Nnebisi, by FMC Roundabout, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria
This hospital is an outstanding hospital in Abuja under the supervision of the federal government of Nigeria.
It is also known as the National Hospital Abuja is a hospital in Abuja, FCT, Nigeria. The hospital was founded under the Family Support Programme initiative and was formally established under Decree 36 of 1999 (Act 36 of 1999).
Abdulsalami Abubakar commissioned the hospital on 22 May 1999. It makes the list of federal hospitals in Nigeria.
LOCATION Federal Staff Hospital, Jabi, Abuja
CONTACT 0802 063 3580
Federal Medical Centre, Azare, Bauchi State
Federal Medical Centre, Azare, is a Federal Tertiary Health Institution located in Azare, Bauchi State, Nigeria.
It is a fully-functional 300-bedded hospital with state-of-the-art medical equipment. The mandate of the Centre is to provide excellent healthcare services, training and research using professional staff and modern technology.
The Centre is a parastatal under the Federal Ministry of Health, established under Decree 10 of 1985 i.e. The University Teaching Hospitals [Reconstitutions of Boards] Act, Cap 462 on 6th June 2000. It inherited the structure of the former General Hospital Azare for its takeoff on 21st October 2000.
CONTACT email: | [email protected], Information Officer (08036161249)
Federal medical centre Bida
The Federal Medical Centre, Bida (FMCBida) is a federal medical centre own by the federal government of Nigeria and built by the Sani Abacha military administration, it was built in 1997 and it also has a medical institution resided beside it in Bida, Niger state.
The medical centre has three major roles headed which Chairman Management is the head of the office Dr Ishaq Usmans.
The Federal Medical Centre (FMC) is in Birnin Kebbi. Birnin Kebbi is an ancient town in north-western Nigeria and the capital of Kebbi State. The FMC is the only tertiary institution in the state and it was established in the year 2000 to cater for a population of over 3 million.
Also, FMC has a staff of 400, including 21 doctors, 120 nurses, 259 administrative and supporting staff. The centre has over 300 beds.
LOCATION P.M.B 1126 MUHAMMAD ILIYASU BASHAR ROAD BIRNIN KEBBI, KEBBI STATE
Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kudu
The Federal Medical Centre Birnin Kudu was established as a general hospital in 1961 by the Late Premier of defunct Northern Nigeria, Sir Ahmadu Bello Sardaunan Sokoto. The hospital was later converted to a tertiary institution as a Federal Medical Centre in the year 2000. The mandate of the Hospital is to provide quality health care delivery services to our catchment population, conduct relevant health system research and training of Human Resources for Health.
FMC Birnin Kudu came into being on 3rd February 2000 MoU was signed between Jigawa State Government and Federal Ministry of Health for General Hospital Birnin Kudu to be the permanent site The 1st Medical Director was appointed in June 2000 The current MD is the 3rd –
In the list of federal hospitals in Nigeria, What is today known as Federal Medical Centre, Ebute – Metta, Lagos was established in 1964.
It started out as a Department of Health Services in the Nigerian Railway Corporation. It was created exclusively to cater for the health needs of staff and their families.
Between 1967 and 1970 during the 30 months long Nigerian Civil War, the hospital served as an annex to the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), where wounded soldiers were treated.
The idea of commercializing the hospital was united in 1996 during the turnover of General Gumel as Transport Minister. Between 1996 and 2004, the hospital operated as a commercial business entity, even though it was still under the Nigerian Railway Corporation.
LOCATION Federal Medical Centre Ebute-Metta Nigerian Railway Compound Ebute-Metta, Lagos
The Federal Medical Centre, Gombe (FMCG) is located within the city of Gombe, the capital of Gombe State. It is one of the 36 States of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. It is located between latitude 10º & 11º N within the Sahel Savannah belt. It has a population of about 2.1 million people and an area of 18, 000 square km.
The temperature averages 30ºC with an annual rainfall of 1200mm. The predominant occupations of its people are agriculture and livestock rearing. This tertiary health institution has a 300-bed capacity and was established in 1996 by the Federal Government.
Federal Medical Centre Gusau is a government-owned Federal Medical Centre in Gusau local government area of Zamfara State, Nigeria.
Federal Medical Centre Gusau is located at Gusau, Zamfara State. For further information contact Federal Medical Centre at the address below
LOCATION P.M.B. 1008, Sani Abacha Way, Gusau, Zamfara State
Federal Medical Centre, Ido Ekiti state
Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti is a Federal Government-owned foremost, cutting edge, primary, secondary and tertiary health service provider and clinical training institution in Nigeria.
The hospital, which is one of the fastest-growing teaching hospitals in the country was established in 1998 by the Federal Government to provide affordable, qualitative and accessible medicare to every state of the federation, particularly to the people living in the grass root of Ekiti State and its environment.
At inception in 1999, the Hospital had six departments and currently twenty-two clinical and four non-clinical departments.
LOCATION Ifaki-Ido Rd, 371101, Ido Ekiti
CONTACT 0806 526 6109
Federal Medical Centre, Katsina, Katsina State
Following the Federal Government’s policy to establish a tertiary Health Institution in each state, Katsina State Government released the structure and vast land of 546.182 acres to Federal Government for the purpose in 1996. Clinical activities started at Federal Medical Centre, Katsina in 1998.
LOCATION Murtala Muhammad Way,(Jibia Bypass)P.M.B 2121 Katsina, Nigeria
Federal Medical Center Keffi came into being in April 2000 on the facility of the old general hospital keffi built-in 1957 by the Premier of the defunct Northern Region; Late Sir Ahmadu Bello Sardaunan Sokoto.
This Development – i.e. the takeover, was sequel to a pronouncement by President Olusegun Obasanjo the previous year, 1999, shortly after assuming office as the democratically elected president.
He announced then, that 44 Federal Medical Centers would be established across the country with a view to bringing healthcare delivery services to the people at the grassroots level. FMC Keffi was one of those 44 announced by the President in 1999.
LOCATION Maizobo Street, Keffi
Federal Medical Centre, Nguru, Yobe State
The Federal Medical Centre, Nguru is one of the Federal Tertiary Hospitals in the country, it is a 400 bed Tertiary Hospital located in Yobe State in the North-East of Nigeria and is one of the fastest-growing Federal Medical Centres in the Country.
LOCATION Federal Medical Centre, P.M.B. 02, Nguru -Yobe State.
Federal Medical Centre (Owo), Owo Ondo State
The former general hospital at Owo is owned by the Ondo State. The government was taken over by the Federal Government of Nigerian in 1989.
The Hospital on a Landmass of 58.5 hectares was thereafter upgraded to a Federal Tertiary Health institution of 300 beds and redesignated Federal Medical Centre, Owo. Administrative and Clinical activities commended in the Centre 1993 and 1994 respectively.
This Centre like other Federal Medical Centre is expected to perform the function of Federal University Teaching hospitals, except for the training of medical students. it also renders health services as providing training and researches as may be necessary for the health sector.
LOCATION Adekunle Ajasin Road, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria
The Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia came into existence in November 1991. It metamorphosed from the queen Elizabeth Hospital which was commissioned on March 24, 1956, by Sir Clement representing Queen Elizabeth the Second of England.
It started as a joint mission hospital administered by the Methodist, Anglican and Presbyterian churches.
Before its takeover by the Federal Government, it had first been taken over from the missions by the then Imo State Government under the then Military Governor – Navy Captain Godwin Ndubuisi Kanu (now A retired rear Admiral). It was renamed Ramat Specialist Hospital in honour of the late slain Head of State, General Murtala Ramat Mohammed.
The hospital covers an area of 77 acres of land bounded on the south by the Nigerian prisons, Umuahia; east by Ndume Ibeku; North by Umuahia urban and west by Afara clan.
LOCATION Aba Rd, opposite Guaranty Trust Bank, Umu Obasi, Umuahia
CONTACT 0706 933 7998
Federal Medical Centre, Bayelsa State
The Yenagoa General Hospital, established in 1957 during the colonial era, was converted into a specialist hospital in 1996, after the creation of Bayelsa State. On 9th September 1999, the same hospital was taken over by the Federal Ministry of Health and re-named Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa.
In 2014, the Otuoke Cottage Hospital established under the auspices of the MDGs was taken over by the Federal Ministry of Health following a Presidential Mandate and handed over to become Federal Medical Centre Yenagoa Outreach Hospital in Ogbia L.G.A.
Today, the hospital is best described as Federal Medical Centre, Bayelsa State. Dr. (now Prof.) Kobina Keme-Ebi Imananagha, Chief Consultant Physician/Neurologist, a former head of the Department of Medicine, University of Calabar and a pioneer Honourable Commissioner for Health, Bayelsa State, was appointed in 1999 as the pioneer Medical Director of the young hospital.
The Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria was established through an agreement dated 21st August 1998 signed between the Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria and Adamawa State Government to take over the then Yola Specialist Hospital, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Clinical Services commenced on 15th May 1999. This health institution makes the list of federal hospitals in Nigeria.
However, the then Civilian Government in the State decided to repossess the Specialist Hospital so that it could have a secondary healthcare facility in the state capital. Thus, it was decided that the Centre should be relocated to the present site on the premises of the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Yola, along Lamido Zubairu Way, Yola-Town.
It is a 330-bed hospital that provides tertiary healthcare services to people from Adamawa, parts of Taraba, Gombe and Borno states in addition to those coming from the neighbouring republic of Cameroun.
Within the limits of available resources, the facility has been able to provide a high standard of healthcare to its teeming clients.
In fact, with the ongoing insurgency in Northeastern Nigeria, all the casualties of our armed forces personnel and civilians are promptly and adequately catered for in the centre.
The Federal Medical Centre, Yola covers an initial total landmass of 23.84 hectares and in 2016 His excellency the Adamawa state Governor gave us an additional land of 15.75 hectares from the neighbouring Technical College making a total of 39.59 hectares.
The first Medical Director was Dr. Aminu Muhammad Mai who administered the Centre from its inception in 1999 to 2007. In 2007, Dr. Ali Danburam was appointed the Medical Director. His tenure came to an end in March 2015. I took over as Medical Director on 1st April 2015.
LOCATION Lamido Zubairu Road, P.M.B. 2017, Yola Bye-Pass, Yola-Town, Yola South, Adamawa State, Nigeria
The universal health care pros and cons are of great importance. This article gives a great insight into universal healthcare pros and cons.
Universal health care refers to any action that a government takes to provide health care to as many people as possible at cheaper or no cost directly.
Some governments do this by setting minimum standards and regulations and some by implementing programs that cover the entire population.
The healthcare system has universal healthcare pros and cons however, the cardinal aim of a universal healthcare system is to cover medical bills for all bona fide citizens. Universal health care pros and cons cannot are essential for all to know.
Introduction to universal health care pros and cons
However, lower-income or those diagnosed with specific serious health conditions would have access to government-funded care. Essentially, it would be an expansion of the current Medicaid system with a few additional caveats.
Universal health care is a system that provides quality medical services to all citizens. The federal government offers it to everyone regardless of their ability to pay.
Before we proceed is essential you consider what pros and cons mean. Pro is a Latin root word meaning for. If you make a list of pros and cons, you are listing the reasons for doing something and the reasons not to, respectively.
In a nutshell, the universal healthcare pros and cons are the advantages and disadvantages of the universal healthcare system
Therefore, universal health care pros and cons are an essential part of any health system.
Universal healthcare pros and cons
We will look at some of the advantages and disadvantages of the universal healthcare system. There is a saying that no matter how good a system tends to be, there is always something missing.
This health care system is adopted by many countries for even cheaper health service delivery for the citizens yet, it faces many criticisms from individuals and organizations.
Universal healthcare pros or advantages
The right to health care is a recognized human right
Lowers overall healthcare costs
It Could Increase Demand for Medical Services
Administrative costs subsidy
Standardizes service
A right to health care could make medical services affordable for everyone.
Creation of healthier workforce
Early childhood care prevents future social costs
Guides people to make healthier choices
A right to health care could save lives
Providing all citizens the right to health care is good for economic productivity.
A right to health care could improve public health
Providing a right to health care could benefit private businesses.
A right to health care could stop medical bankruptcies
The right to health care is an internationally recognized human right
In 2005, the United States and the other member states of the World Health Organization signed World Health Assembly resolution 58.33, which stated that everyone should have access to healthcare services and should not suffer financial hardship when obtaining these services.
According to a peer-reviewed study in the Lancet, “ right-to-health features are not just good management, justice, or humanitarianism; they are obligations under human-rights law.”
Lowers overall health care cost in “universal health care pros and cons”
In a universal health system, the government controls the prices through negotiation and regulation thereby lowering the health cost.
This is a pro of the universal health system. Low-class individuals can have access to quality health care not considering their status.
It Could Increase Demand for Medical Services
The biggest benefit to this type of system is that it could make medical services affordable for more patients. In turn, this means more people seeking out healthcare who might have attempted self-care or no treatment at all.
For those in certain specialty practices, this has a good chance of meaning an increase in the number of patients. Why? Those who currently don’t have coverage for certain niche types of care would now be able to seek medical advice.
This is a great prospect for practitioners who want to keep their schedules full and their billing on pace with clinic goals.
Administrative costs subsidy
The cost of administration in a universal system is affordable therefore lifting burdens on the shoulders of young doctors.
For instance, doctors only deal with one government agency. For example, U.S. doctors spend four times as much as Canadians dealing with insurance companies.3
Standardizes service
In a competitive environment like the United States, health care providers must also focus on profit. They do this by offering the newest technology. They offer expensive services and pay doctors more. They try to compete by targeting the wealthy.
A right to health care could make medical services affordable for everyone.
According to a Gallup Poll, paying for health care is the biggest financial problem for US households.
A 2018 survey published by Becker’s Healthcare found that 22% of Americans found paying their deductible was “very difficult” or “impossible” and 64% reported that they delayed or did not seek medical care due to cost.
The cost of US family health insurance premiums increased 80% in the United States between 2003 and 2013. The cost of health insurance premiums for people who do not get coverage through work increased by 105% between 2013 and 2017.
Creation of a healthier workforce in universal health care pros and cons
Studies show that preventive care reduces the need for expensive emergency room usage.
Without access to preventive care, 46% of emergency room patients went because they had no other place to go. They used the emergency room as their primary care physician. This healthcare inequality is a big reason for the rising cost of medical care.
Early childhood care prevents future social costs
These include crime, welfare dependency, and health issues.6 Health education teaches families how to make healthy lifestyle choices, preventing chronic diseases.
Guides people to make healthier choices
Governments can impose regulations and taxes to guide the population toward healthier choices. Regulations make unhealthy choices, such as drugs, illegal. Sin taxes, such as those on cigarettes and alcohol, make them more expensive.
A right to health care could save lives
According to a study from Harvard researchers, “lack of health insurance is associated with as many as 44,789 deaths per year,” which translates into a 40% increased risk of death among the uninsured.
Another study found that more than 13,000 deaths occur each year just in the 55-64-year-old age group due to lack of health insurance coverage.
Providing all citizens the right to health care is good for economic productivity.
When people have access to health care, they live healthier lives and miss work less, allowing them to contribute more to the economy.
A study by researchers at the Universities of Colorado and Pennsylvania showed that workers with health insurance miss an average of 4.7 fewer work days than employees without health insurance. According to an Institute of Medicine report, the US economy loses $65-$130 billion annually because of diminished worker productivity, due to poor health, and premature deaths, among the uninsured
A right to health care could improve public health
According to a study in The Lancet that looked at data from over 100 countries, “evidence suggests that broader health coverage generally leads to better access to necessary care and improved population health, particularly for poor people.”
In the United States, people are 33% less likely to have a regular doctor, 25% more likely to have unmet health needs, and over 50% more likely to not obtain needed medicines compared to their Canadian counterparts who have a universal right to healthcare.
Providing a right to health care could benefit private businesses
If the United States implemented a universal right to health care, businesses would no longer have to pay for employee health insurance policies. As of 2017, 56% of Americans were receiving health insurance through their employer.
According to the Council on Foreign Relations, some economists believe the high costs of employee health insurance place US companies at a “competitive disadvantage in the international marketplace
A right to health care could stop medical bankruptcies
According to the National Bankruptcy Forum, medical debt is the #1 reason people file for bankruptcy in the United States.
In 2017, about 33% of all Americans with medical bills reported that they “were unable to pay for basic necessities like food, heat, or housing.”
If all US citizens were provided health care under a single-payer system medical bankruptcy would no longer exist, because the government, not private citizens, would pay all medical bills.
Universal healthcare cons or disadvantages
Healthy people pay for the sick
Longer wait times
Health care costs overwhelm government budgets
The government may limit services that have a low probability of success
A right to health care could increase debt and deficit.
Providing a right to health care could raise taxes.
Providing a right to health care could worsen a doctor shortage
Healthy people pay for the sick
Healthy people pay for others’ medical care: Chronic diseases make up 90% of health care costs. The sickest 5% of the population creates 50% of total healthcare costs, while the wealthiest 50% only creates 3% of costs. Equally, People have less financial incentive to stay healthy: Without a copay, people might overuse emergency rooms and doctors.
Longer wait times in “universal health care pros and cons”
There are long wait times for elective procedures: The government focuses on providing basic and emergency health care.
Medicaid is an example of a federally funded single-payer health care system that provides a right to health care for low-income people.
According to a Government Accountability Office (GAO) report, 9.4% of Medicaid beneficiaries have had trouble obtaining necessary care due to long wait times, versus 4.2% of people with private health insurance.
Health care costs overwhelm government budgets
Health care costs overwhelm government budgets. For example, some Canadian provinces spend almost 40% of their budgets on health care. In the same vein, doctors may cut care to lower costs if they aren’t well paid by cost-cutting governments: For example, doctors report Medicare payment cuts will force them to close many in-house blood testing labs.
The government may limit those services with a low probability of success
This includes drugs for rare conditions and expensive end-of-life care. In the United States, care for patients in the last six years of life makes up one-fourth of the Medicare budget.
A right to health care could increase debt and deficit
Spending on Medicare, Medicaid, and the Children’s Health Insurance Program, all government programs that provide a right to health care for certain segments of the population, totaled less than 10% of the federal budget in 1985, but by 2012 these programs took up 21% of the federal budget and are predicted to reach 30% of federal spending by 2028.
According to former US House Budget Committee Chairman Paul Ryan (R-WI), government health care programs drive “the explosive growth in our spending and debt.
Providing a right to health care could raise taxes
In European countries with a universal right to health care, the cost of coverage is paid through higher taxes.
In the United Kingdom and other European countries, payroll taxes average 37% – much higher than the 15.3% payroll taxes paid by the average US worker.
According to Paul R. Gregory, Ph.D, a Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution, financing a universal right to health care in the United States would cause payroll taxes to double.
Providing a right to health care could worsen a doctor shortage
The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) predicts a shortfall of up to 104,900 doctors by 2030.
If a right to health care were guaranteed to all, this shortage could be much worse. Doctor shortages in the United States have led to a 30% increase in wait times for doctor appointments between 2014 and 2017.
Types of universal health care systems in ” universal health care pros and cons “
There are essentially three ways to provide universal health care.
Private insurance
Single-payer system
Socialized medicine
Private insurance
The third system is to allow private insurance companies to regulate them and mandate that everyone purchase some type of health insurance plan.
Switzerland has regulated health insurance and the Affordable Care Act, which was passed in 2010, is an attempt to build a mandated health insurance system in the United States
Single-payer system
The second solution is to have a single-payer system, like Canada. Under a single-payer system, the government provides health insurance for everyone, but doctor’s offices and hospitals are still private businesses or nonprofits.
This type of system allows people more choice between doctors and hospitals with different approaches to care, but it also costs more than socialized medicine.
Socialized medicine
In this case, all hospitals would be owned by the government and all doctors and nurses would be government employees.
However, both doctors and patients have less choice in the range of treatments and procedures that are available to them.
In the universal health care pros and cons, it is essential you know that what works for A might not be suitable for B.
Countries with a universal health care system
There are over 70 countries with universal health care systems everyone ought to know;
Below is the updated list of hospitals in Toronto Canada Many of these hospitals are also medical research facilities and teaching hospitals that have an affiliate with the University of Toronto.
Some hospitals are grouped under an administrative network that serves particular neighbourhoods and communities and shares a number of medical services.
Among these networks is the largest network known as University Health Network, which governs four of Canada’s largest research hospitals located across Downtown Toronto.
The list of hospitals in Toronto Canada cannot be complete without the inclusion of Toronto General Hospital (TGH).
This health institution is a major teaching hospital in Toronto and the flagship campus of University Health Network (UHN).
The hospital serves as a teaching hospital for the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine.
In 2019, Newsweek ranked TGH as seventh among the top ten best hospitals in the world.
The emergency department now treats 28,065 persons each year, while the hospital also houses the major transplantation service for Ontario, performing various degrees of organ transport and is rated the largest organ transplant centre in North America, performing 639 transplants in 2017.
Address: 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital
Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital is Canada’s largest children’s rehabilitation hospital and therefore among the list of hospitals in Canada.
It was founded in 1899, by a group of able community-minded women who come together to discuss the creation of a “Home for Incurable Children”.
As of 2005, the Centre provides hospital care, outpatient clinics, an integrated kindergarten school programme, assistive technology services and community outreach activities to about 7,000 children and youth with disabilities and their families each year. This health institution makes the list of hospitals in Toronto Canada.
Bellwood Health Services has been deemed an essential healthcare facility by the province of Ontario.
This health institution continues to accept patients in a safe and responsible manner as long as the risk to current patients remains low.
According to Bellwood Health Services, as long as our patients need help, they will help them and take the additional burden off of public emergency rooms and continue to go above and beyond Public Health recommendations to maintain the safety of our facility.
Bellwood Health Services is also among the list of hospitals in Toronto Canada.
The Toronto Western Hospital is a major research and teaching hospital in Toronto Canada. It is part of the University Health Network having about 256 beds, with 46,000 visits to its emergency department each year.
It is known for its outstanding ground in neurosurgery and was one of the first centres in Canada to use the gamma knife
West Park Healthcare Centre helps patients get their lives back by providing specialized rehabilitative and complex care after a life‐altering illness or injury such as lung disease, amputation, stroke, and traumatic musculoskeletal injuries.
They have 200 long term care center with about 494 hospital beds and 125 rehabilitation beds and community living.
West Park is among the list of hospitals in Toronto Canada and is currently building a new hospital and transforming its 27-acre site into an integrated campus of care, enabling the hospital to evolve its rehabilitative programs to meet Ontario’s future healthcare needs.
Address: 82 Buttonwood Ave, York, ON M6M 2J5, Canada
Bridgepoint Active Healthcare
Bridgepoint Active Healthcare is a complex care and rehabilitation hospital in Toronto.
It is a member of the Sinai Health System and is affiliated with the University of Toronto. It is founded in 1875.
Casey House is Canada’s first and only stand-alone hospital for people with HIV/AIDS. In 1988, the disease was stigmatized, and so were the people who lived with it.
Fear ran so deep that Casey House’s first patient was delivered to the door by a team of medics wearing hazmat suits.
He was greeted by Casey House with an embrace. It was the first time he’d been touched in months.
Casey House is still one of the few places where people with HIV/AIDS can seek care without judgement.
Address: 119 Isabella St, Toronto, ON M4Y 1P2, Canada
Etobicoke General Hospital
The original hospital building was opened in 1972, following governmental investment and a major donations push led by a group of local volunteers. It has 262 hospital beds.
Although rearrangement and renovation followed over the decades since the hospital’s opening, further expansion would occur more than 40 years later. In 2018, Osler opened the Etobicoke Wellness Centre (EWC).
The Wellness Centre represents a partnership between the hospital and various external partners, such as independent physicians and private businesses.
It houses a number of Etobicoke General outpatient services, such as a fracture clinic, a pre-anaesthesia care unit, diagnostic imaging, a diabetes education centre, and a 15-machine hemodialysis unit, newly opened in April 2020.
Address: 101 Humber College Blvd, Etobicoke, ON M9V 1R8, Canada
Hospital for Sick Children
The Hospital for Sick Children, corporately branded as SickKids, is a major pediatric teaching hospital located on University Avenue in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Toronto
Address: 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
Michael Garron Hospital
MGH is a division of Toronto East Health Network, is a vibrant community teaching hospital serving one of Canada’s most diverse communities. It is among the list of hospitals in Toronto Canada.
For more than 90 years, they have delivered high-quality, patient-centred healthcare services to nearly 400,000 people in 22 distinct neighbourhoods, from welcoming a new life to facing the end-of-life.
The hospital has continually renewed its commitment to the East Toronto community by adapting its programs and services to meet the evolving needs of the diverse population it serves.
Address: 825 Coxwell Ave, East York, ON M4C 3E7, Canada
North York General Hospital
North York General Hospital is among the list of hospitals in Toronto Canada, it is a teaching hospital in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Primarily serving the North York district, as well as the southern York Region, it offers acute care, ambulatory and long-term services at multiple sites.
Address: 4001 Leslie St, North York, Ontario M2K 1E1, Canada
Baycrest Health Sciences
Baycrest Health Sciences is a research and teaching hospital for the elderly in the North York district of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is fully affiliated with the University of Toronto.
Address: 3560 Bathurst St, North York, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) is Canada’s largest mental health teaching hospital and one of the world’s leading research centres in its field. CAMH is fully affiliated with the University of Toronto and is a Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization Collaborating Centre.
With a dedicated staff of more than 3,000 physicians, clinicians, researchers, educators and support staff, CAMH offers outstanding clinical care to more than 34,000 patients each year. The organization conducts groundbreaking research, provides expert training to health care professionals and scientists, develops innovative health promotion and prevention strategies, and advocates on public policy issues at all levels of government.
The history of Women’s College Hospital began in 1883 with the founding of Woman’s Medical College. This came in as a response to the refusal of medical schools in Toronto to admit women for the study of medicine.
On June 13, 1883, Dr Emily Stowe – a suffragist and first woman physician to practice medicine in Canada – led a group of supporters to a meeting at the Toronto Women’s Suffrage Club where the group tabled a resolution stating “that medical education for women is a recognized necessity, and consequently facilities for such instruction should be provided.”
Less than six months after this meeting, on October 1, 1883, Toronto Mayor A.R. Boswell formally opened Woman’s Medical College, at 289 Sumach Street.
Humber River Hospital is a major acute care hospital in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located in the former city of North York.
It is a teaching hospital with emergency and intensive care services, maternity and other services.
Address: 1235 Wilson Ave, North York, ON M3M 0B2, Canada
scarborough general hospital
they offer full-service emergency departments, diagnostic, surgery, rehabilitation, and geriatric care, as well as advanced birthing centres for moms, newborns, and growing families. We are leaders and partners in speciality paediatric, mental health, and oncology services.
Address: 3050 Lawrence Ave E, Scarborough, Ontario M1P 2V5, Canada
Toronto Rehabilitation Institute
Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, simply known as Toronto Rehab, is the largest rehabilitation hospital in Canada. Owned and operated by the University Health Network, Toronto Rehab provides patients with rehabilitation care, helping people rebuild their lives and achieve individualized goals.
It is composed of five sites across Downtown Toronto, which are: Bickle Centre (130 Dunn Avenue), Lakeside Centre (150 Dunn Avenue), Lyndhurst Centre (520 Sutherland Drive), Rumsey Centre (345 and 347 Rumsey Road), and University Centre (550 University Avenue).
Princess Margaret Cancer Centre
The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, previously called Princess Margaret Hospital, is a scientific research centre and a teaching hospital in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, affiliated with the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine as part of the University Health Network.
Address: 610 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada
Providence Healthcare
Providence Healthcare is a health care facility in Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, specializing in rehabilitation for patients who have experienced strokes, orthopaedic surgery, or lower limb amputation, or who require specialized geriatric rehabilitation, assessment and treatment.
Address: 3276 St Clair Ave E, Scarborough, Ontario M1L 1W1, Canada
Centenary Hospital
Centenary Hospital is a hospital in Scarborough, and is also on the list of hospitals in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was opened on July 1, 1967, and was named in honour of the 100th anniversary of Canada. Since 2016, the hospital is operated by the Scarborough Health Network.
Address: 2867 Ellesmere Rd, Scarborough, ON M1E 4B9, Canada
Runnymede Healthcare Centre
Runnymede is determined to set new standards in all areas of complex continuing care and rehabilitation. They continue to develop complementary programs and services that provide more holistic care by addressing the medical, mobility, social and spiritual needs of patients.
This health institution started back on 17th October 1945 and received full accreditation in 2013 from Canadian accreditation.
Address: 625 Runnymede Rd, Toronto, ON M6S 3A3, Canada
Birchmount Hospital
The Birchmount Hospital (officially Scarborough Health Network, Birchmount Hospital and formerly Scarborough Grace Hospital) is a hospital in Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Located in the Agincourt neighbourhood along Birchmount Road, the hospital was opened in 1985 by The Salvation Army.
As of 2016, it is part of the Scarborough Health Network.
Address: 3030 Birchmount Rd, Scarborough, ON M1W 3W3, Canada
St. Joseph’s Health Centre
Throughout our history, St. Joe’s Toronto has been at the forefront of community medicine. Since its founding in 1921, They have been home to a number of “firsts and only’s” which have helped establish them as one of the largest and busiest community hospitals in the Greater Toronto Area.
Today, guided by a vision to advance the health of our community by being Canada’s best community teaching health centre, they are poised to continue in that tradition and look forward to working with our community and our partners to make our community one of the healthiest in Canada.
Address: 30 The Queensway, Toronto, Ontario M6R 1B5, Canada
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
From our beginnings as a hospital for Canadian veterans, Sunnybrook has flourished into a fully affiliated teaching hospital of the University of Toronto, evolving to meet the needs of our growing community. This hospital is among the list of hospitals in Toronto.
Today, with 1.3 million patient visits each year, Sunnybrook has established itself across three campuses and is home to Canada’s largest trauma centre.
Sunnybrook‘s groundbreaking research changes the way patients are treated around the world. Our over 200 scientists and clinician-scientists conduct more than $100 million of breakthrough research each year. Tomorrow, we will discover ways to treat the untreatable.
Address: 2075 Bayview Ave, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
Toronto Grace Health Centre
The Salvation Army Toronto Grace Health Centre is a 150-bed hospital located at 650 Church Street in Toronto, Ontario.
Owned and operated by the Salvation Army, it specializes in palliative care, post-acute care rehabilitation, and complex continuing care.
Address: 650 Church St, Toronto, ON M4Y 2G5, Canada
The list of hospitals in Toronto Canada is not limited to the above-listed hospitals. As earlier mentioned there are above 40 hospitals in Toronto Canada.
The best hospitals in South India can be found in different states of the country.
States Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Telangana as well as other territories are where the biggest hospital in south India can be found.
Some of the southern states namely: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala are outstanding innovations of excellent health and medical hub in India.
South India states are said to be some of the best Indian healthcare achievements.
Introduction to the best hospital in south India
South India is home to the world’s biggest chain of hospitals, annually, people from different parts of the world come to South India for medical tourism or to get a low-cost treatment, innovative surgical procedures like first ‘awake surgery’ and provision of free medical care for the less privilege.
Covering the southern part of the peninsular Deccan Plateau, South India is bounded by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west, and the Indian Ocean in the south.
Bangalore, Hyderabad, Kozhikode, Warangal, and others are some of the major cities where the best hospital in south India are situated.
The medical hubs in the region are renowned in some of the medical disciplines or specialties like Pediatric Neurosurgery, cardiology and Cardio-thoracic surgery, In-Vitro Fertilization, Orthopedic Treatment, Neurology, Hematology, and other distinct areas.
In this article, some of the best hospitals in south India are discussed and why they are considered as the best hospital in south India.
Is no doubt that some hospitals are rated higher than or are considered more reputable than others for some factors which may include: technological advancement, qualities of doctors and other health care personnel, cost-friendly treatments, social health, and others like the once below.
Best hospitals in south India
Below are some of the factors in rating a hospital in India
Level of management
Physician integration
Market characteristics
Financial health
Narayana Health
Best hospitals in India
Narayana Health, which was formerly called Narayana Hrudyalaya, is a multi-specialty health hub, heart centers, and primary care facilities in south India. And one of the best hospitals in south India and the world at large.
It has its headquarters in Bengaluru, India. It was founded by Dr. Devi Shetty in the year 2000 with a heart hospital in Bangalore.
In 2013, Narayana Hrudyalaya officially changed its identity to Narayana Health
The facilities offer medical care in over 30 medical specialties and three of its hospitals – Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Bangalore, and Health City Cayman Islands – are JCI accredited.
It now operates several hospitals and heart centres across India, making it the second-largest hospital network in India (based on operational bed count). Since 2014, the group operates Health City Cayman Islands in Grand Caymen.
The Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences is a JCI and NABH accredited heart hospital situated in NH Health city Bangalore.
This super specialty flagship cardiac hospital of Narayana Health is one of the largest in the world and is equipped with 16 dedicated Cardiac Operation Theatres and 6 Digital Cath Labs of which one is a Hybrid, capable of performing both interventional cardiac procedures as well as complex heart surgeries.
This Institute of Cardiac Sciences performs heart surgeries both on adults & children.
This cardiac centre has dedicated critical care beds for post-operative care and performs Cath Lab procedures routinely. It also has an 80 bed dedicated pediatric cardiac ICU, the largest in the world.
Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences specializes in complex cardiac surgeries & other cardiac procedures such as Pulmonary Endarterectomy for chronic pulmonary embolism, Aneurysm repairs, Electrophysiology, Endovascular interventions for aneurysms and radiofrequency ablations, Valve repairs and ROSS procedures, Left Ventricular remodeling / Dor’s procedure, device closure for ASD and VSD and Tetralogy of Fallot.
Thrombosis Research Institute in the hospital campus is a notable unit for research and has a number of scientists working in collaboration with TRI, London to develop a vaccine to prevent heart attacks.
Wockhardt Hospital is among the biggest hospital in India, and one of the renowned specialty healthcare networks in India offering healthcare services. It also is among the best hospitals in south India.
The chain of hospitals is owned by the parent company Wockhardt Hospitals Ltd., India’s 5th largest Pharmaceutical and Healthcare company with a presence in 20 countries across the globe.
Wockhardt hospitals, originally called First hospitals and Heart Institute, were one of the early movers among corporate healthcare chains in India.
The company was established in 1989 and it started its first operations with a medical center in Kolkata, 1989 and a heart hospital in Bangalore two years later.
Today the company has its presence across India with 9 multi-specialty hospital networks.
Within a short period since its inception, Wockhardt Hospitals has become a leading health service provider.
This group of 9 hospitals fulfills the need of the community in its chosen field of super specialties like Cardiology, Orthopedics, Neurology, Gastroenterology, Urology, Aesthetics, and Minimal Access Surgery.
With state-of-the-art multi-disciplinary capabilities and world-class infrastructure and technology, Wockhardt Hospitals enrich the quality of life of every patient in a caring and nurturing environment and the greatest respect for human dignity and life.
Many of the Wockhardt group of hospitals has accreditation of the NABH (National Accreditation Board of Hospitals & Healthcare), the highest and the most stringent quality standards institution in India and the National authority in healthcare accreditation.
Wockhardt group of hospitals in India is a preferred destination for patients from Europe, the USA, Africa, Middle East, and South Asia.
Most of the doctors/surgeons have been trained or worked extensively at some of the best medical institutions in the US, Europe, and other advanced countries.
Wockhardt Hospital’s mission and vision
The core values of excellence, respect, teamwork, integrity, and caring are essential for the wellbeing of our staff and our patients and this is evident in the vision and mission of our hospitals.
“Wockhardt Hospitals will strive with excellence to fulfill the needs of the community in its chosen field of medical treatment” Their MISSION is
“To serve and enrich the quality of life of patients suffering from diseases, through the efficient deployment of technology and human expertise, in a caring and nurturing environment with the greatest respect for human dignity and life.” No wonder it appears to be one of the best hospitals in south India.
Manipal Hospital, Bangalore
Manipal Hospitals is a chain of multi-specialty hospitals in India. It is founded by Dr. Tonse Madhav Ananth Pai in 1953, It is part of the Manipal Education System and Medical Group.
Its network is spread across 15 locations in India and it also holds an international presence through a branch in Malaysia named Manipal Hospitals Klang.
In the year 2018, Manipal Hospitals and TPG Capital acquired Fortis Healthcare as part of a deal for Rs 3900 crore, including a 20 percent stake in SRL.
In 1953 Dr. Tonse Madhav Ananth Pai founded Manipal Hospital. Dr. Pai was an Indian doctor, educationist, and philanthropist awarded by Padma Shri by the Government of India in 1972.
He also founded the Manipal Education System and Kasturba Medical College, Manipal.
The first branch of Manipal Hospitals was started in 1991 in Bengaluru. The branch is a 600-bed quaternary care facility and houses over 60 specialties.
In 1997, Manipal Hospitals Mangalore was established, this 251-bed tertiary care hospital is named Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Hospital, which is India’s first self-financing medical college.
In 2018, Former Indian cricketer, Rahul Dravid became the brand ambassador of Manipal Hospitals.
Manipal Hospitals used IBM Watson for Oncology in 2016. Watson is the first commercially available cognitive computing cloud platform that analyzes high volumes of data understands complex queries and proposes evidence-based answers for them.
Manipal Hospitals have become the first in the country and the second in the world to implement IBM Watson for Oncology, an AI technology for diagnosis and treatment of cancer making it among the biggest hospital in south India and the world at large. I wouldn’t be mistaken to rate it among the best hospitals in south India.
Manipal Hospitals is one of India’s foremost multi-specialty healthcare providers catering to both Indian and international patients.
With more than 5000 operational beds, they are committed to the overall well-being of an individual is at the core of everything we do.
Manipal Hospitals Core Values
They are devoted to clinical excellence, patient-centricity, and ethical practices, and are committed to clinical excellence is palpable in the high caliber of our team of medical practitioners.
The nursing staff and paramedical professionals are highly competent and provide great support to their clinical team and healthcare services are aligned towards patients’ needs.
Creating a compassionate and supportive environment for patients and their caregivers is of utmost importance to us.
Manipal has one of the latest technological breakthroughs in medical science and equips its hospitals with state-of-the-art facilities on par with global standards.
From the simplest to the most complex medical problems, they deliver the most cutting-edge treatment.
Address: 98, HAL Old Airport Rd, Kodihalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560017, India
Phone: +91 80 2502 4444
Apollo Hospitals, Hyderabad
This multi-specialty hospital was established in 1988. It was built with a mission to bring world-class healthcare to the people with a firm belief in the values of excellence, expertise, empathy, and innovation.
Today, after nearly 3 decades, Apollo Hospitals, Hyderabad has emerged as the most renowned and trusted integrated Health City in Asia, specializing in the entire spectrum from illness to wellness and holistic therapy.
Apollo Hyderabad takes pride in its hospitality and its commitment to deliver the best services from the heart.
The hospital is one of the best hospitals in south India driven by an engaged workforce who extend themselves beyond boundaries to provide outstanding medical care; the medical team at Apollo Hospitals embodies a humanized approach that alleviates any sense of stress and anxiety in the patients about their treatment.
Apollo Group was the first to invest in pre-requisites for international quality accreditations such as the JCI and other initiatives including the ACE@25 and TASSC, conveying a commitment to global benchmarks and clinical excellence.
Also, the centers of excellence at Apollo Hospitals are the brainchild of their Founder Chairman, Dr. Prathap C. Reddy. He believed that the emergence of new therapies, technologies, and improved diagnostics was pivotal for delivering quality treatment.
Additionally, multi-specialty group practices with a combination of super specialists trained in different modalities of treatment provide patients with greater benefits and clinical outcomes.
This patient-centric approach has driven greater collaboration and peer review among physicians and caregivers, leading to higher success rates.
Major specialties including Heart, Cancer, Bones, Joints & Spine, Organ Transplants, Neurology, Gastro & Colorectal, Bariatric Surgery, Gynaecology & Infertility, and Ophthalmology are some of the Centres of Excellence available, which offer exceptional group practice programs.
Address: Rd Number 72, opp. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan School, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana 500033, India
Christian Medical College Vellore
An American missionary, Dr. Ida S. Scudder, founded Christian Medical College Vellore in 1900.
CMC Vellore has brought many significant achievements to Indian health care and medical history including:
Started the first College of Nursing in 1946
Performed the first reconstructive surgery for leprosy in the world (1948)
Performing the first successful open-heart surgery in India (1961)
Did the first kidney transplant in India (1971)
Involved in the first bone marrow transplantation (1986) in India
Performed the first successful ABO-incompatible kidney transplant in India (2009).
CMC is one of the biggest hospitals in India. Every day, over 900 patients choose to come here for their treatment, because of Committed doctors and staff, renowned for compassion and excellence, putting the patient first.
They are active in cutting-edge research, keeping abreast of the latest developments and Latest medical technologies.
This Institute includes a network of primary, secondary, and tertiary care hospitals in and around Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
The institute, constituent college is affiliated with the Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University.
Address: Christian Medical College Ida Scudder Road, Vellore – 632004 Tamil Nadu, India
Numbers: 0416-2281000, 3070000
Conclusion on the best hospitals in South India
The hospitals listed above are worth entrusting your healthcare services. These hospitals are remarkable with devoted physicians, nurses, and other health care providers.
The best hospitals in south India have world-class innovative medical equipment for seamless healthcare delivery.
The world number 1 hospital has prompted a curious quest for a better medical facility globally.
When you are sick, one thing you will never fail to consider is where you can get proper medical attention.
At a point in everyone’s life, what matters most is to be healthy, and is of utmost importance to know where you can be assured of perfect health.
The world’s number one hospital deals with many challenges facing the healthcare field today, including tight regulations, rapid advancements in medical science, new health risks, and ever-rising costs.
Introduction to the world number 1 hospital
Moreover, they must do so while also delivering on what must be a medical facility’s No. 1 priority: providing top-notch patient care.
To be rated as the world’s number one hospital, what is critical for health care consumers to figure out is Where they can find these outstanding medical and health leaders today.
The ones that meet the economic, political, and medical challenges they face with speed and skill, while also providing the very best health care to the people they treat.
To help answer that question of “world number one hospital” Newsweek in partnership with Statista Inc., a global market research and consumer data company, develop a renowned ranking of the world number one hospital.
Thorough research on the leading hospitals in 21 countries was conducted based on patient survey results, key medical performance indicators, and recommendations from medical experts, including physicians, hospitals managers, and other healthcare professionals.
After that wonderful exercise, the MAYO CLINIC emerged as the world’s number 1 hospital.
mayo clinic, the world no 1 hospital
According to U.S. News & World Report in 2016, mayo clinic was ranked as the world’s number 1 hospital.
More than 4500 hospitals were considered in 16 specialties, from cancer and heart disease to respiratory disorders and urology. Additionally, 153 were ranked in at least one of the 16 specialties.
Of the 153 hospitals in one or more specialties, 20 qualified for the Honor Roll by earning high scores in at least six specialties.
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, was ranked in the top 10 in all but one of 16 specialties, in the top 4 in 13 specialties, and was the number one ranked hospital in 8 of the 12 data-driven specialties.
Moreover, Mayo was the only hospital on the 2016-2017 honor roll to also receive 5 stars from CMS.
The world number 1 hospital (mayo clinic)
Mayo Clinic is an American non-profit academic medical center with over 1200 hospital beds.
It is based in three major locations: Rochester, Minnesota; Jacksonville, Florida; and Scottsdale, Arizona, focused on integrated patient care, education, and research, which are their core values.
It comprises over 3,900 physicians and scientists, along with another 58,400 administrative and allied health staff.
The practice specializes in treating difficult cases through tertiary care and destination medicine. It is home to the top-ten ranked Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine in addition to many of the highest regarded residency education programs in the United States.
It spends over $600 million annually on research and has more than 3,000 full-time research personnel.
William Worrall Mayo settled his family in Rochester in 1864 and opened a sole proprietorship medical practice that evolved under his sons, Will and Charlie Mayo, along with practice partners Drs. Stinchfield, Graham, Henry Plummer, Millet, Judd, and Donald Balfour, into Mayo Clinic.
Today, in addition to its flagship hospital in Rochester, Mayo Clinic has major campuses in Arizona and Florida. The Mayo Clinic Health System also operates affiliated facilities throughout Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa.
Drawing in patients from around the globe, Mayo Clinic performs near the highest number of transplants in the country, including both solid organ and hematologic transplantation.
Core values of the world number one hospital
See below;
Patient care
In 2018, more than 1.2 million different patients from all 50 states and 138 countries were seen at one of the Mayo Clinic facilities.
Mayo Clinic offers highly specialized medical care, and a large portion of the patient population are referrals from smaller clinics and hospitals across the upper Midwest and the United States, no doubt it stands out as the world’s number 1 hospital.
Its physicians are paid a fixed salary, which is not linked to patient volume.
This practice is thought to decrease the monetary motivation to see patients in excessive numbers and increase the incentive to spend more time with individuals.
Research
Mayo Clinic researchers contribute to the understanding of disease processes, best clinical practices, and translation of findings from the laboratory to clinical practice.
In 2018, research personnel included 254 full-time scientific faculty, 766 physicians actively involved in research, and 4,027 full-time research personnel.
Moreover, 3,067 new human research studies were approved by the institutional review board and 12,760 ongoing human research studies. These research initiatives led to 9,275 research publications and review articles in peer-reviewed journals.
In recent years, 100% of Mayo Clinic’s internal medicine residents have published research during their tenure across the three campuses. These numerous wonderful researches amount to spending over 600 million dollars annually.
Education
The Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (MCCMS), established in 1915, offers educational programs embedded in Mayo Clinic’s clinical practice and biomedical research activities.
MCCMS consists of five accredited schools, including the M.D. degree-granting Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine as well as the master’s and Ph.D. degree-granting Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences.
The Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences offers training for about 60 health sciences career fields.
The Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education runs over 300 residences and fellowships in all medical and surgical specialties. The Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development delivers continuing education courses aimed at practicing medical professionals.
The action of the world number hospital on coronavirus
The mayo clinic through its various platforms has been working tirelessly to contain the spread of coronavirus.
As the COVID-19 pandemic rages across the globe, Mayo Clinic researchers are racing to find treatments for this deadly disease.
At the same time, they are working to develop a vaccine to prevent infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and reduce its devastating effects.
With the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths rising each day, there is perhaps no more pressing need in medicine than to identify safe and effective therapies to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections and lessen the severity of the resulting COVID-19 respiratory illness.
Mayo Clinic COVID-19 research task force
The Mayo Clinic COVID-19 research task force coordinates all Mayo Clinic’s pandemic-related research activities, from basic lab and in vitro experiments to clinical trials of experimental and supportive interventions. In particular, the task force:
Catalogs all COVID-19 studies and prioritizes potentially competing for studies
Works with the Institutional Review Board, the Office of Clinical Trials, the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, the biosafety team, and pharmacy services to ensure efficient and smooth initiation and execution of studies
Ensures the optimal allocation of resources such as biospecimens, drugs, and personal protective equipment
Protects the safety and well-being of patients, staff, and research volunteers
The task force also collaborates with external companies to access experimental therapeutics to be studied in the research setting.
Let’s not forget about other amazing hospitals of the world working tirelessly for the passion for humanity and medicine.
Top 10 hospitals in the world
The ranking by Newsweek in partnership with Statista Inc., other 9 wonderful hospitals of international standard and recognition are rated after the world number hospital.
Mayo clinic
Cleveland clinic
Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston)
Toronto General Hospital (Toronto, Canada)
Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Berlin, Germany)
The Johns Hopkins Hospital (Baltimore)
Universitätsspital Zürich (Zurich, Switzerland)
Singapore General Hospital (Bukit Merah, Singapore)
The list of the world’s number one hospital is compiled for reference purposes and is gotten from reliable sources of international recognition. The hospitals are open for research and collaboration which would be for the benefit of mankind.
The best cardiologist in South Africa is worth knowing. A cardiologist specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and conditions that affect the cardiovascular system or the heart.
These specialists practice prevention and health care for patients with heart-related ailments and cardiovascular diseases.
The cardiologist carefully examines the patient’s medical history and focuses on blood pressure, weight, heart, lungs, and blood vessels, and can refer patients to a cardiovascular surgeon or a Cardiothoracic Surgeon if surgery is needed on the heart, blood vessels, and lungs.
Introduction to the best cardiologist in South Africa
Cardiologists treat many conditions affecting the cardiovascular system including hypertensive crisis, arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat, either too fast or too slow,) myocardial infarction (heart attacks,) heart failure, congenital heart defects, and coronary artery disease.
A cardiologist also helps to inform and make decisions regarding procedures such as cardiac catheterization, balloon angioplasty, and open-heart surgery.
The Best cardiologist in South Africa uses different test skills and equipment to assess the cardiovascular system.
The test may include checking blood pressure, echocardiogram (ECG,) X-ray, cardiac stress tests, and blood tests.
Best cardiologist in South Africa
The list of the best cardiologist in South Africa on this platform is based on the write-up from reliable sources. The essence is to lead you to a cardiologist who might be a lifesaver. In this blog post, renowned cardiologists are listed in no specific order of ranking.
Let’s take a look at some of the top cardiologists in Johannesburg South Africa. Through some of the patient’s reviews, we are able to get our list of the top 5 cardiologists in South Africa.
Below is the list of the top 3 cardiologists in cape town;
Dr Chevaan Hendrickse
Dr. Joe Bodenstein
Dr. Jacques van Wyk
Best cardiologist in Pretoria
Below is the list of the top 3 cardiologists in Pretoria;
Dr. M Iturralde
Osrin L B
Benson J F
Cardiologist Salary in South Africa
The best cardiologist in South Africa is expected to earn more but it is not usually the case. A Cardiologist’s salary in South Africa is around 125,000 ZAR per month. Salaries range from 70,000 ZAR (lowest) to 180,000 ZAR (highest) monthly.
Cardiologist salaries vary drastically based on qualification, experience, skills, gender, location, and place of work. Below you will find a detailed breakdown based on different criteria or factors.
Median Salary
The median represents the middle salary value of south African cardiologists. The median salary is 120,000 ZAR per month, which means that half (50%) of people working as Cardiologists are earning less than 120,000 ZAR while the other half are earning more than 120,000 ZAR.
Percentiles
Closely related to the median are two values: the 25th and the 75th percentiles. Reading from the salary distribution diagram, 25% of Cardiologists are earning less than 83,600 ZAR while 75% of them are earning more than 83,600 ZAR.
The experience level is the most important factor in determining the salary.
Naturally, the more years of experience the higher your wage. We broke down Physician – Cardiology salaries by experience level and this is what we found.
A heart specialist with less than two years of experience makes approximately 74,100 ZAR monthly.
While someone with an experience level between two and five years is expected to earn 99,500 ZAR monthly, 34% more than someone with less than two year’s experience.
Moving forward, an experience level between five and ten years lands a salary of 129,000 ZAR per month, 30% more than someone with two to five years of experience does.
Although, if the experience level is between fifteen and twenty years, then the expected wage is 171,000 ZAR per month, 9% more than someone with ten to fifteen years of experience.
Lastly, employees with more than twenty years of professional experience get a salary of 180,000 ZAR monthly, 5% more than people with fifteen to twenty years of experience.
cardiologist salary in South Africa
The best cardiologist in South Africa is considered to be a high bonus-based job due to the generally limited involvement of indirect revenue generation, with exceptions of course. The people who get the highest bonuses are usually somehow involved in the revenue generation cycle.
16% of surveyed staff reported that they have not received any incentives in the past year, while 84% said that they received at least one form of monetary incentive. Those who got bonuses reported rates ranging from 6% to 8% of their yearly stipend.
Cardiologist consultation fee south Africa
A cardiologist consultation fee in South Africa depends on many factors ranging from but not limited to the physician, location, and insurance coverage. The consultation fee for cardiologists in South Africa may range from $150 to $500.
Conclusion on the Best cardiologist in South Africa
The list of the best cardiologist in South Africa is in no other ranking, and every cardiologist on our list is qualified with the essential licenses.
It’s important to note that defining the best cardiologist in South Africa or any other country depends on various factors, including specialization, patient outcomes, peer reviews, research contributions, years of experience, and more as earlier stated.
There isn’t a single cardiologist who can be universally accepted as the best. What’s crucial is to find a cardiologist who’s best suited for a particular patient’s needs and conditions.
Moreover, South Africa has many renowned cardiologists who have made significant contributions to the field. Always consider credentials, patient reviews, and personal needs when determining the right specialist for you.
This is a brief summary of the problematic wisdom teeth and other essential things that will interest you about these problematic wisdom teeth
Wisdom teeth are the latest to appear in your mouth. In a majority of cases, they are misaligned or displaced due to a lack of space within your jaws.
Introduction to problematic wisdom teeth
This can create multiple problems, from neighbor tooth damage to food impaction, typical gum infections (also called pericoronitis), and even severe abscesses in the cheek and surrounding areas.
Especially partially erupted wisdom teeth show a high rate of severe deterioration over time because they attract food impaction and are almost impossible to reach with the toothbrush or other oral hygiene tools such as floss, interdental brushes, or mouthwash dispensers.
The high probability of complications with partially erupted wisdom teeth explains the widely accepted recommendation for surgical tooth extraction of relevant professional organizations all around the world.
In other case scenarios, such as fully impacted wisdom teeth, opinions differ and decisions will have to be made on a case-to-case basis after a close examination by the treating medical professional.
Symptoms of the problematic wisdom teeth
Potentially problematic wisdom teeth usually display one or more of the following findings:
Partially covered by gum (mostly on the backside in the lower jaw)
Dental decay (“cavity”) on the wisdom tooth or the neighboring tooth
Bad breath
Food impaction
Swollen gums
Swollen cheek
Throbbing pain
Pain deterioration in the later hours of the day or in the night
The symptoms listed above, albeit commonly found with problematic wisdom teeth, can also stem from several other teeth and dental conditions, so a dental examination with a specialist must be advised, in case of occurrence.
What happens during problematic wisdom teeth removal and what to expect after?
The personal experience from wisdom teeth removals can vary a lot, depending on the location (or dislocation), bone density, surgical skill level, and – of course – the pain and pressure tolerance of the specific patient, as one of the most important factors.
Technically, some wisdom teeth demand a surgical methodology, which includes creating a gum flap, followed by a careful reduction of the directly surrounding bone and – if necessary – a separation of the wisdom tooth itself, in order to avoid creating too much pressure, by wrongfully trying to remove a large portion of the wisdom tooth at once, even if the necessary space is too small.
It’s important for the patient to understand that a good oral or maxillofacial surgeon, will always try to limit the pressure at the time of removal, because, while the nerve fibers responsible for sharp pain sensation can be very effectively blocked by common local anesthesia, the pressure sensation, unfortunately, remains intact.
Too much pressure during the removal is therefore something a proper surgical technique is meant to evade, by applying a tactical bone reduction and tooth separation.
Other, partially impacted or decayed wisdom teeth, sometimes don’t necessarily require surgical steps and can be tossed out of their bony socket by mild to moderate pressure with designated luxation tools.
This situation is mostly found in the upper jaw due to the softer bone conditions when compared to the dense bone of the lower jaw.
It is for this reason, that swelling and post-operative discomfort mostly derive from the removal of impacted and partially impacted lower wisdom teeth. Even in the seldom scenario, where the situation demands the surgical removal of upper wisdom teeth, swelling, pain, and post-operative discomfort are usually less when compared to the lower jaw.
As in most scenarios of surgical healing, the peak of the post-operative swelling is usually reached after approximately three days and subsides significantly in the coming few days. Immediate, intermittent cooling with clothed ice packs is routinely advised to lower the swelling.
While classical wound pain, isn’t a bigger issue in most cases, the swelling can lead to a severe restriction of the mouth opening. This can hinder the normal food intake and – together with the pressure of the swollen cheek – explains most of the post-surgical discomfort.
Is coronavirus airborne? During this dreaded period of coronavirus pandemic, many questions have been asked with numerous not answered.
some of the unanswered questions about coronavirus transmission are made known.
Is essential you understand the basics of transmission of airborne diseases as you read through.
Airborne diseases are those diseases that are transmitted via air from person to person or from animal to animal.
Introduction to airborne diseases
Air serves as the carrier of the disease-causing agent (pathogen). For instance, in malaria infection, the vector of the pathogen (plasmodium) is female anopheles mosquitoes, while in the case of airborne, air serves as the vector (although vectors are living things).
In traditional medicine, a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another.
The pathogens transmitted may be any kind of viruses, fungi, and bacteria.
These pathogens may spread in aerosols, dust, or liquids. The aerosols might be generated from sources of infection such as the bodily secretions of an infected animal or person.
Infected aerosols may stay suspended in air currents long enough to travel for considerable distances; sneezes, for example, can easily project infectious droplets to a distance of over 14 feet.
Most airborne pathogens cause inflammation in the nose, throat, sinuses, and lungs as such causing respiratory difficulties.
Sinus congestion, coughing, and sore throats are examples of inflammation of the upper respiratory airway due to these airborne agents.
Airborne diseases can also affect non-humans. For example, Newcastle disease is an avian disease that affects many types of domestic poultry worldwide, which is transmitted via airborne contamination.
Symptoms of coronavirus
Often, airborne pathogens cause inflammation in the nose, throat, sinuses, and upper airway lungs. Upper airway inflammation causes coughing congestion and sore throat.
Sinus congestion, coughing, and sore throats are examples of inflammation of the upper respiratory airway due to these airborne agents.
Airborne infections usually occur by the respiratory route, with the agent present in aerosols (infectious particles <5 µm in diameter).
This includes dry particles, often the remainders of an evaporated wet particle called nuclei, and wet particles. This kind of infection usually requires independent ventilation during treatment. e.g., tuberculosis.
The airborne disease can spread when people with certain infections cough, sneeze, or talk, spewing nasal and throat secretions into the air. Some viruses or bacteria take flight and hang in the air or land on other people or surfaces.
I know this question “Is coronavirus airborne?” still rings in your head, wait patiently we are heading there.
When you breathe in airborne pathogenic organisms, they take up residence inside you. You can also pick up germs when you touch a surface that harbors them, and then touch your own eyes, nose, or mouth like in the case of covid-19.
Because of the mode of transmission of airborne pathogens, they are very difficult to contain.
coronavirus is not airborne but airborne precautions are recommended
Is coronavirus airborne?
Is it high time this question of “is coronavirus airborne?” is answered From the evidence gathered so far, covid-19 is not airborne
Unlike tuberculosis and chickenpox, which circulate in the air, the transmission of COVID-19 occurs primarily through respiratory droplets which can spread the virus and can cause infection in others through contact.
Droplet transmission occurs when a person is in close contact (within 1 m) with someone who has respiratory symptoms (e.g., coughing or sneezing) and is therefore at risk of having his/her mucosae (mouth and nose) or conjunctiva (eyes) exposed to potentially infective respiratory droplets.
Transmission may also occur through fomites in the immediate environment around the infected person.
Therefore, the transmission of the COVID-19 virus can occur by direct contact with infected people and indirect contact with surfaces in the immediate environment or with objects used on the infected person (e.g., stethoscope or thermometer).
Airborne transmission is different from droplet transmission as it refers to the presence of microbes within droplet nuclei, which are generally considered to be particles <5μm in diameter, can remain in the air for long periods of time, and be transmitted to others over distances greater than 1 m.
When someone coughs, sneezes, or talks, these droplets can infect another person if they get into their airways.
Droplets typically do not travel more than six feet (about two meters) and do not linger in the air.
A social distance of 6 feet intends to protect you against infecting another person or becoming infected. Still, the CDC is now recommending the use of facemasks in public.
Although COVID-19 is not considered airborne, there may be some instances in which the virus can act as an airborne disease. These include certain clinical settings in which people are receiving intensive medical treatment.
In usual situations, SARS-CoV-2 is spread through respiratory droplets after a person coughs or sneezes, but these droplets are larger than what is considered airborne.
The things we know about coronavirus are changing spontaneously because there is no total understanding of this virus, is essential, and recommended airborne precautions are taken. Those uncertainties prompted this write-up of “Is coronavirus airborne?”
To prevent transmission, WHO recommends a comprehensive set of measures including:
Identify suspect cases as quickly as possible, test, and isolate all cases (infected people) in proper facilities
Quarantine all close contacts of infected people and test those who develop symptoms so that they can be isolated if they are infected and require care
Use fabric masks in specific situations, for example, in public places where there is community transmission and where other prevention measures, such as physical distancing, are not possible
Practice the use of contact and droplet precautions by health workers caring for suspected and confirmed COVID-19 patients, and use airborne precautions when aerosol-generating procedures are performed
Continuous use of a medical mask by health workers and caregivers working in all clinical areas, during all routine activities throughout the entire shift
At all times, practice frequent hand hygiene, physical distancing from others when possible, and respiratory etiquette; avoid crowded places, close-contact settings, and confined and enclosed spaces with poor ventilation; wear fabric masks when in closed, overcrowded spaces to protect others; and ensure good environmental ventilation in all closed settings and appropriate environmental cleaning and disinfection.
I know this question of “Is coronavirus airborne?” is a thing of the past…
In the pathophysiology of Gonorrhea, it is important to note that this venereal disease has been in existence for ages.
In the United Kingdom, it is the second most common bacterial venereal infection. considering the pathophysiology of gonorrhea, the good news is that, it can be cured using the right medications.
Introduction on the pathophysiology of gonorrhea
Gonorrhea is a bacterial disease caused by a gram-negative pathogen called Neisseria gonorrhea. Neisseria gonorrheae is an obligate human pathogen that causes mucosal surface infections of male and female reproductive tracts, pharynx, rectum, and conjunctiva. It predominantly affects people below 30 years of age.
If asymptomatic in the lower reproductive tract of women, it can lead to serious, long-term consequences of these infections which may ascend into the fallopian tube.
The damage caused by gonococcal infection and the subsequent inflammatory response produces the condition known as a pelvic inflammatory disease.
Additionally, the resolution of infection can produce new adhesions between internal tissues, which can tear and reform, producing chronic pelvic pain.
Signs and symptoms in the pathophysiology of gonorrhea
The first sign in the male is a burning sensation upon urination and a purulent urethral discharge that may or may not be pronounced.
In the absence of treatment, the infection usually extends deeper, to involve the upper urethra, the neck of the urinary bladder, and the prostate gland.
Urgency and frequency of urination and, occasionally, blood in the urine may follow.
This infection is usually asymptomatic in about 20 percent of infected women very few men have the infection without any sign.
Signs of Gonorrhea affecting the genital tract in men include:
Painful urination
Pus-like discharge from the tip of the penis
Pain or swelling in one testicle
Signs of Gonorrhea affecting the genital tract in women include:
Increased vaginal discharge
Painful urination
Vaginal bleeding between periods, such as after vaginal intercourse
Abdominal or pelvic pain
Signs of Gonorrhoea at other sites in the body include:
-Eyes-
The eyes can be affected following Gonorrhoea infection which can lead to eye pain, sensitivity to light, pus-like discharge from one or both eyes, and other visual impairments.
-Rectum-
Once the rectum is infected symptoms may include anal itching, pus-like discharge from the rectum, spots of bright red blood on toilet tissue, and having to strain during bowel movements.
-Throat-
Signs and symptoms of a throat infection might include a sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in the neck region.
-Joints-
Following a gonorrhoea infection, the joints may become infected leading to septic arthritis which is accompanied by difficulty in movement.
Gonorrhea Risk Factors
For most venereal diseases the surest way to keep safe is abstinence. in this article “pathophysiology of gonorrhea”
The risk for gonorrhea is higher if you:
Fall below 30 years of age
Are having sex with a new partner who is promiscuous
Have multiple sex partners
Are exposed to gonorrhea before
Have had other STDs
Pathophysiology of gonorrhea
The incubation period of gonorrhea is usually 3 to 5 days (range 2 to 10 days). The pathophysiology of N gonorrhea and the relative virulence of different subtypes depending on the antigenic characteristics of the respective surface proteins.
Certain subtypes are able to evade serum immune responses and are more likely to lead to disseminated (systemic) infection.
Well-characterized plasmids commonly carry antibiotic-resistance genes, most notably penicillinase. Plasmid and nonplasmid genes are transmitted freely between different subtypes
Unlike many commonly studied bacterial pathogens, N. gonorrhoeae is not readily adaptable to laboratory animal models due to its exquisite adaptation to the human host thus making it difficult to study.
A female mouse model has developed nearly 20 years ago. With refinement in the intervening time, this model has proven very useful, especially in the understanding of the complex systemic immune responses model.
Prevention of gonorrhea
As earlier stated, the safest way to prevent gonorrhea or other STDs is through abstinence. If you do engage in sex, always use a condom.
It’s important to be open with your sexual partners, get regular STD testing, and find out if they’ve been tested.
If your partner is showing signs of a possible infection, avoid any sexual contact with them. Ask them to seek medical attention to rule out any possible infection that can be passed on.
You are at a higher risk of contracting gonorrhea if you have already had it or any other STDs.
You are also at a higher risk if you have multiple sexual partners or a new partner.
Treatment of gonorrhea/ gonorrhea antibiotics
Seek medical advice from a physician before taking any medication
For uncomplicated infection, a single dose of ceftriaxoneplus azithromycin
Uncomplicated gonococcal infection of the urethra, cervix, rectum, and pharynx is treated with the following:
Preferred: A single dose of ceftriaxone250 mg IM plus azithromycin 1 g orally
Alternative: A single dose of cefixime400 mg orally plus azithromycin 1 g orally
In patients who have an azithromycin allergy or who immediately vomit the drug, doxycycline 100 mg orally twice a day for 7 days is an alternative to azithromycin as a second antimicrobial.
Patients who are allergic to cephalosporins are treated with one of the following:
Gemifloxacin320 mg orally plusazithromycin 2 g orally once
Gentamicin240 mg IM plus azithromycin 2 g orally once
Monotherapy and previous oral regimens of fluoroquinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin) or cefixime are no longer recommended because of increasing drug resistance.
Test of cure is recommended only for patients treated with an alternative regimen for pharyngeal infections.
DGI with gonococcal arthritis is initially treated with IM or IV antibiotics (eg, ceftriaxone 1 g IM or IV every 24 hours, ceftizoxime 1 g IV every 8 hours, cefotaxime 1 g IV every 8 hours) continued for 24 to 48 hours once symptoms lessen, followed by 4 to 7 days of oral therapy.
Medical physiologists study the function of the human body from the cell to complex biological systems and their relationship and interaction with each other.
Physiology is a diverse field that offers many career choices and chances to increase knowledge through the study of the human body.
A medical physiologist determines a normal condition and the pathology in a disease condition as the human body parts function in unity.
Medical physiologist
Many medical physiologists work with patients, by working alongside medical specialties that will increase knowledge about the cells in the body.
For example, physiologists may work with cardiologists to discover how to improve heart function; work alongside organ transplant specialists to develop the best ways for patients to retain their new organs after transplant, and with pharmacists to develop effective therapies for patients in different conditions.
After obtaining a bachelor’s degree in physiology, one must then determine a focus for their postgraduate and doctoral degrees. Common focuses include blood physiology, neuroscience, reproductive physiology, renal physiology, endocrinology, immunology, and cardiovascular physiology.
After this rigorous process, one can be certified as a medical physiologist because he/she must have been involved in many medical pieces of research and training.
Different researches in these areas are in concert with medical physicians at hospitals, universities, and government institutions.
Medical physiologists can do theoretical research in a laboratory or clinical research with physicians and patients. Researchers at universities are also required to teach classes in their specialty.
Medical physiologist Degree Requirements
Medical physiology degree requirements are generally intensive and require maximum attention to excel in the field. Doing medical research requires getting a bachelor’s degree in the biological or basic medical sciences, and then obtaining a graduate degree in a particular specialization of physiology.
Getting a bachelor’s degree in basic medical sciences from an accredited university typically takes 4-5 years depending on the country. After which a student is required to obtain a master’s degree in a preferred specialty, which includes:
Endocrinology
Renal physiology
Cardiovascular physiology
Reproductive physiology
Immunology
Pathophysiology
Neurophysiology or neuroscience
Blood physiology and other areas of interest
To obtain a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), one is required to complete around six years of research and specialized courses. Students must also complete a dissertation to be evaluated by a panel of faculty members.
Researchers can get a joint Doctor of Medicine (M.D.)/Ph.D. degrees so they are able to work in a medical environment with patients as well as in a laboratory.
These programs typically take seven or eight years to complete. Working with patients and prescribing drugs also requires passing medical board exams to obtain a license and doing a residency program after obtaining an M.D.
Physiology is coined from “physis-logos” in Latin but it’s originally Sanskrit which transcended into Greek as physikos.
Physikos essentially means one who has complete knowledge- from physical nature to everything about vegetation that gives rise to drugs/medicine.
Physiology is the basis of medicine, the mother of medical science Physiology epitomizes Medicine. Therefore, while undergraduate doctors specialize in a sub-branch, a Physiologist will grow in all parts- from the very fundamental to the most advanced, while the other doctors will do the routine a Physiologist goes beyond that.
A medical physiologist creates knowledge, teaches, and researches alongside doing the patient-related job directly or indirectly.
Quite unfortunately some people neglect the foundation of medicine, which is medical physiology, which deals with the effective function of the human body.
Medical Physiologist Job Description
The medical physiologist Job description is a versatile one indeed, which makes physiologists be analytical, creative thinkers, problem-solving, and research-oriented with technical skills in laboratories.
There are many career fields and job opportunities that physiologists can find interesting. The medical field is one where the physiologist can be involved in patient care or research.
Medical Physiologist is usually responsible for investigating human diseases, developing instruments for medical applications, analyzing medical samples, writing research grant proposals, maintaining safety from contamination, and working with health departments or physicians on improvement to health.
Through their expertise in the medical sciences, physiologists conduct research projects that explore the interactions between tissues, cells, and sub-cellular components with various different biological systems. It will interest you to read
Some physiologists choose to explore exercise and sports sciences in order to work within training or rehabilitation.
Yet, other physiologists get the most out of their careers by training other scientists in an academic field.
Through their expertise in the medical sciences, Medical physiologists conduct research projects that explore the interactions between tissues, cells, and sub-cellular components with various different biological systems.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, there are around 103,100 physiologists and other medical scientists employed throughout the United States.
Most physiologists find employment in research institutes, universities, physician offices, pharmaceutical manufacturing companies, medical or surgical hospitals, and other health-related organizations.
While the majority of their full-time job is situated within an office or laboratory setting to study data analysis reports, some may need to work with patients to conduct observations for research. In particular, exercise physiologists will use exercise equipment to observe the human body in motion, track specific body systems, and develop treatment plans.
34% of Medical physiologists (that’s around one-third) work in R&D in physical, engineering, and life sciences. Individuals working in this area typically operate in labs. They may develop treatments for natural agents (antidotes, vaccines, or other preventive measures) or carry out testing of these substances.
Some 27%, that’s just over one quarter, work in education. They will work as lecturers and researchers in college and university labs or in practice – this is for our high schools too. Medical schools, specialist units are also inclusive, and they could work in practice or in labs.
15% or just under one-sixth of qualified physiologists work in hospitals around the country. They will also work in practice direct with patients, or in labs conducting studies and research. Similarly, 4% work in medical diagnostics.
Their knowledge of human physiology and reaction to agents such as chemical spills, cold and heat exposure, and animal and plant venom means there is also demand for physiologists in pharmaceutical development. Around 6%, that is one in every sixteen work in medical R&D for drugs.
The physiology job description goes beyond these stated below
Monitor medical patients during exercise or cardiopulmonary diagnostic testing, monitor their vital signs and record observations and deliver those findings to physicians
Operate and maintain medical devices and instruments used to perform cardiopulmonary exercise stress tests
Teach courses on anatomy, physiology, or laboratory courses at an undergraduate or graduate level
Conduct experiments in a laboratory setting and deliver test results to supervising physician or physiologist
Conduct pharmaceutical research projects under the direction of a supervisor
Establish a research laboratory and ensure all laboratory procedures are being followed
Act as a research project leader, including designing projects, analyzing findings, developing clear and compelling reports, and presenting those findings to internal and external audiences
Supervise applicable laboratory staff and monitor the progress of patients or study participants
The career focus of the physiologist will have a significant impact on their salary.
Medical Physiologist Salary
A medical physiologist’s salary varies depending on some factors like location, work experience, qualifications, and area of specialty. A recent study shows that the average wage of a physiologist is around $74,000 annually, which is more than 28,000,000 naira.
Because physiologists have such a wide array of career choices, this estimated salary can vary significantly between practicing scientists, those focused on patient care, lab research, field research, and teaching.
Depending on the area of work, the scientist’s salary may be dependent on grant money and obtaining an approved long-term research grant.
However, for physiologists who have taken the career path outlined above and obtained experience and credentials as a specialized physician, the salary can be quite a bit higher.
For example, an immunologist can be around $126,000 per annum; the median income of an endocrinologist is $207,000 per year, and the salary of a cardiologist averages $300,000 annually.
The median salary statistics for medical physiologists in the US in 2015 was $82,240. At the top end of the scale, those with the most experienced in the right roles earned in excess of $155,000. The lower end of the scale came in at $44,000. The top-paying industry was pharmaceuticals, despite employing relatively few in number.
The biggest employer was the second-highest payer. Medical R&D’s median salary came in at $96,290.
Medical and diagnostic labs were third and just under the median at $79,020. Hospitals were the fourth-highest payer at $76,670. Considerably down the pay scale was academia (colleges and universities) at $58,370. Moreover, the salary of a medical physiologist has escalated the above-stated figures.
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