What is a pathogen? The term pathogen came into use in the 1880s and was coined from the Greek word “pathos” and “genēs” which means “suffering” and “producer of” respectively, which means pathogen can be said to be a producer of suffering.
Typically, the pathogen is used to describe a disease-causing microscopic agent, such as a bacterium, virus, fungus, and parasite
What is a pathogen? The scientific study of microscopic organisms, including microscopic pathogenic organisms, is called microbiology, while the study of diseases that may include these pathogens is called pathology.
Introduction to What is a pathogen?
Pathogenic organisms have a single goal, which is to survive and multiply in their hosts.
Pathogens are specially adapted to infect a host, bypass the host’s immune responses, reproduce within the host, and escape its host for transmission to another host and therefore, disrupt the normal physiology of a multi-cellular animal or plant.
However, pathogens can infect unicellular organisms from all of the biological kingdoms.
There are several substrates and pathways whereby pathogens can invade a host.
What is a pathogen?
The human body contains many natural defenses against some of the common pathogens in the form of the human immune system and some “helpful” bacteria present in the human body’s normal flora.
Some pathogens are responsible for massive amounts of casualties and have had numerous effects on afflicted groups.
Today, many medical advances have been made to safeguard against infection by pathogens.
Social advances such as food safety, hygiene, and water treatment have reduced the threat from some pathogens.
What are the different types of Pathogens?
Pathogens vary in different ways and there are different pathogens with variable modes of infections. There are four main pathogens namely
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites
Virus as a pathogen
A Virus is a non-living piece of genetic code, such as DNA or RNA, and protected by a coating of protein.
In the case of viral infection, viruses invade host cells within your body and then use the components of the host cell to replicate, producing more viruses.
After the replication cycle is complete, these new viruses are released from the host cell.
Some viruses can remain dormant for a time before multiplying again. When this happens, a person appears to have recovered from the viral infection but gets sick again.
Antiviral drugs are used for viruses while Antibiotics do not kill viruses and therefore are ineffective as a treatment for viral infections.
Bacterium as a pathogen
A Bacterium is a unicellular microorganism. It is diverse and has a variety of shapes and features, and has the ability to live in just about any environment, including in and on your body. It is essential to note that not all bacteria cause infections. The bacteria with the potential to induce infections are said to be pathogenic.
Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections. Some strains of bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics, making them difficult to treat. This can happen naturally but also happens because of the overuse of antibiotics, according to the World Health Organization.
Fungus as a pathogen
A Fungus cell has a nucleus and other components protected by a membrane and a thick cell wall. Their structure can make them harder to be eradicated.
Some new strains of fungal infections are proving to be especially dangerous, such as Candida aureus, and have prompted more research into fungal infections.
Parasite as a pathogen
Parasites are organisms that behave like tiny animals, living in or on a host and feeding from or at the expense of the host.
Though parasitic infections are more common in tropical and subtropical regions, they can occur anywhere.
Three main types of parasites can cause disease in humans. These include:
protozoa, which are single-celled organisms that can live and multiply in your body
helminths, which are larger, multi-celled organisms that can live inside or outside your body and are commonly known as worms
ectoparasites, which are multi-celled organisms that live on or feed off your skin, including some insects, such as ticks and mosquitos “biologically known as vector while the plasmodium transmitted by mosquitoes is a protozoan”
They can spread in several ways, including through contaminated soil, water, food, and blood, as well as through sexual contact and via insect bites.
Different diseases caused by different pathogens
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites cause a variety of infections, which we will be looking at in this article
Virus as a pathogen and some of the infections it causes
Viruses can cause a number of infections, many of which are contagious. Examples of viral diseases include:
Bacterium as a pathogen and some of the diseases it causes
tuberculosis
cellulitis
cholera
gonorrhea
Fungus as a pathogen and some of the diseases it causes
ringworm
thrush
athlete’s foot
Parasite as a pathogen and some of the diseases it causes
malaria
giardiasis
intestinal worms
Routes of transmission of pathogens
Pathogens are transmitted either directly or indirectly.
Direct transmission involves the spread of pathogens by direct body-to-body contact.
This type of direct transmission (mother-to-child) is also known as vertical transmission.
Pathogens can also be spread by indirect transmission, which involves contact with a surface or substance that is contaminated with pathogens. It also includes contact and transmission through an animal or an insect vector.
Types of indirect transmission include:
Airborne
The pathogen is expelled (typically by sneezing, coughing, laughing, etc.), remains suspended in air, and is inhaled by or comes in contact with the respiratory membranes of another person
Droplets
Pathogens are contained in droplets of body fluid (saliva, blood, etc.) contact another person or contaminate a surface. Saliva droplets are most commonly spread through sneezing or coughing
Foodborne
Transmission occurs through eating contaminated food or improper cleaning habits after handling contaminated food.
Waterborne
The pathogen is spread by consumption or contact with contaminated water.
Zootonic –
The pathogen is spread from animals to humans. This includes insect vectors that transmit disease through biting or feeding and transmission from wild animals or pets to humans.
While there is no way to completely prevent pathogen transmission, the best way to minimize the chances of acquiring a pathogenic disease is by maintaining good hygiene.
These include
Wash your hands often both during indoors or outdoors activities
Get vaccinated and ensure vaccinations are up to date
Prepare, cook, and store meat and other food items properly
Avoid sharing drinking glasses or utensils
Protect against insect bites
Travel wisely by getting informed about health risks and special vaccinations
This article on the medical supply companies in the USA is an essential piece to guide your steps in making the right decision on your medical supply needs.
In recent times many fraudulent companies have been scattered throughout the world even on some verified online stores like Alibaba and others.
Overview of the best medical supply companies in the USA
When in need of medical supplies, most of your needs cannot be found in a pharmacy hence the need to know the best medical supply companies that can take on both large and small-scale supplies.
Medical supply companies in the United States of America are companies that offer specialty medical supplies products you would commonly find at a hospital or long-term care facility.
These products are often specialty products that you would not typically find at your regular drugstore and some of these products might require a doctor’s prescription before they are supplied.
Why are some of the best medical supply companies in the USA rated better than others? Different medical supply companies were reviewed and the ones with the highest encouraging reviews on different medical products also did our research on individual companies and their mode of operation and these ones listed as the best medical supply companies are outstanding.
Also, some factors such as price, product availability, and customer satisfaction were considered so which brought about the best medical supply companies on this list.
Products you can get from the best medical supply companies in USA
Incontinence supplies
Incontinence is the lack of voluntary control over urination or defecation. Some medical supplies here may include underpads, absorbent underwear, male external catheters, or washcloths/wipes.
Bath safety beddings products
These products may include beds, bedpans, bedside commodes, shower grip bars, and urinals.
Bowel/gastric management
This may include products for those with an ostomy or tube feeding supplies. They are essential products every clinic is bound to have.
Bandages and tape
These products are among the products that can be dispensed by some of the best medical supply companies. They help those who may have to perform wound care or dressing changes seamlessly render their services.
Respiratory supplies
Respiratory supplies are very important products in every health institution and household. They may include oxygen equipment, nebulizers, and oxygen masks or nasal cannulas are used for respiratory purposes.
Skincare products
These include special antiseptic soaps, barrier creams, and medical-grade skin cleansers.
Urological supplies
These products are among the products dispensed by these best medical supply companies. They may include drainage bags for catheters or intermittent catheters.
Mobility aids
Walkers, wheelchairs, crutches, canes, or transfer equipment comprise this category and are essential products supplied by some of the best medical supply companies in this article. These products are mostly found in the orthopedic department.
Physical therapy products
These products may include therapy wraps, cold packs, resistance bands, and other assistive physical therapy equipment.
Must there be a prescription before buying from these medical supply companies in USA?
Depending on the product you intend to get, you might need a doctor’s prescription before some medical products are supplied to you. There are equally some products that require a license, either way, the companies have ways of rendering a seamless transaction.
For any product that requires a prescription, you will be notified and the prerequisites for getting such products will be stated.
If you intend to order some of the medical supply products online, you might need to forward your prescription by mail or fax and some online platforms make provision for such product requirements to be submitted directly on their platforms.
Description of the best medical supply companies in the USA
The best medical supply companies in this article is not in any order of ranking;
Us med
US Med is of the best medical supply companies that have been in existence since 1996. They are known for their effective service in delivering diabetic supplies to the clinics.
This is one of the best medical supply companies that is accredited by the Accreditation Commission for Health Care (ACHC), which gives its customers additional peace of mind.
Aside from diabetic supplies, they offer CPAP supplies and BiPAP masks, breathing medications and nebulizers, braces, catheters, and more.
Why is US Med listed among the best medical supply companies?
Customer Service
They have an amazing rating with the Better Business Bureau, making them one of the best medical supply companies to shop if you want great customer service. They have 13 locations in the U.S., including 4 pharmacies, for those looking for a medical supply pharmacy.
Uniquely, when someone becomes a member of US Med, the company’s representatives will work with them to coordinate everything with their insurance company and their doctor.
Reordering portal system
Another way US Med makes it easier for their customers to buy medical supplies is through the provision of a simplified reordering process. The Reorder Portal allows users to click on the categories listed, and they fill out a simple form.
When reordering medical supplies wholesale from the US Med portal, you’ll also see a variety of equipment and shipping-related questions designed to help them give you more personalized service.
Availability of products
They hardly run out of stock, they work vehemently to make sure their customers get what they need from the company.
Effective product supply
When patients first connect with this medical store, they get a dedicated team of representatives who are trained in very specific areas to ensure customers are getting the medical supplies and equipment they need.
Address: 8260 NW 27th St Suite 403, Doral, FL 33122, United States
Vitality Medical
Vitality Medical is among the best medical supply companies and was founded in January 2000 by a licensed Registered Nurse called Brad packer with the purpose of providing quality medical supplies to improve the lives of their customers and to support their personal independence.
They are committed to helping customers find quality products at an affordable rate with their customer care team as assistance in making sure you get the best from them.
The company has served over 2.5 million customers with its quality medical products worldwide.
Address: 7910 S 3500 E C, Cottonwood Heights, UT 84121, United States
Medical Supply Depot
Medical Supply Depot was established in 2005 by Meir Tsinman. In his work as a volunteer EMT after 9/11, he soon noticed that if patients had appropriate medical supplies, they could avoid many emergency calls.
When asked why these supplies were lacking, most agreed that there was no efficient and affordable way of getting them. Customer service in this field left a lot to be desired, and many big suppliers were not equipped to notice the details of each individual patient’s need.
Medical Supply Depot is one of the best medical supply companies that set out to change all that. It quickly grew to serve tens of thousands, won prestigious awards, and was featured in industry publications. In 2018, Medical Supply Depot increased its scope and service when it was acquired by TwinMed.
TwinMed, LLC started in 1998 as a small company serving a few nursing homes with medical, surgical, and pharmaceutical products.
The founders, Steve Rechnitz and Shlomo Rechnitz, quickly built up the company through a commitment to outstanding products and services.
Address: 104 GLEN OAK BLVD, Hendersonville, Tennessee, United States.
USA Medical & Surgical Supplies
USA Medical & Surgical Supplies is among the best medical supply companies that sell high-quality medical equipment and supplies and offer educational information.
This store sells a large selection of medical items at low prices. This is one of the few medical supply stores that supply mostly dental equipment.
Address: 1750 S Brentwood Blvd, Suite 300 St. Louis, MO 63144.
Save Rite Medical
Born from an idea to support and foster the medical community, Save Rite Medical was brought to life by Marc Kaplan who understood medical supply education and competitive pricing was something he could deliver to end consumers.
The company grew from a small office cubicle to an entire warehouse in Brooklyn, NY.
Save Rite Medical is a fun, fast-paced, vibrant, diverse, rapidly growing company full of bright, talented, passionate people. They offer a broad line of name-brand medical supplies through our website, to consumers and businesses throughout the United States.
This is among the best medical supply companies and supplies thousands of life-enhancing products to consumers & businesses from various web-based storefronts.
Address: Medical supply store in New York City, New York
Discount Medical Supplies
According to this company, they are dedicated to giving you the highest Quality Medical Supplies at the Lowest Available prices.
Discount Medical Supplies is a physician-owned and operated medical equipment and supply company that provides practitioners, patients, and the general public with the highest quality products at the lowest available prices.
Address: 757 Manatee Bay Drive, Boynton Beach, FL 33435
Medical Supply Group
Medical Supply Group began in 1992 as the consumer division for a brand created by Owens and Minor designed exclusively for use in hospital settings. They have steadily added to their collection of high-quality medical supplies and now carry over 20,000 items and they are in no doubt among the medical supply companies.
Their hardworking staff is made up of knowledgeable and friendly professionals that are committed to finding the right solutions for you. When you call them, know you will speak to a real human being that is compassionate about health and medical supplies.
Its mission is to offer the absolute best service and selection of medical equipment and supplies at the best possible price.
Address: 11040 Crabapple Rd Ste B Roswell, GA 30075
Allegro Medical
A long time ago, Allegro Medical became the first company to sell medical supplies online. Since their website launched in 1996, they’ve grown to be the largest and most trusted online supplier of health care products. With prior careers as caregivers in the health care industry, their first employees understood the challenges of caring for someone as well as the benefit of empowering others with the skills and resources to help themselves.
Patients were recovering from strokes or serious accidents and needed all the things you can now easily find at wonderful stores.
Today, like then, it’s more important than ever to easily find and buy quality medical products.
That’s why Allegro Medical has continued to offer among the best prices, the top brands, and lots of product choices for things like wheelchairs (electric, lightweight, or standard), commodes, walkers, mobility ramps, bath benches, along medical supplies like catheters, adult diapers, latex gloves, wound care supplies, ostomy supplies, dietary supplements, personal protection equipment and so much more.
Address: 360 Veterans Pkwy Suite 115, Bolingbrook, IL 60440, United States
The Betty Mills Company
They offer a vast selection of durable medical supplies and devices both prescription and non-prescription as well as adaptive apparel, incontinence, prosthetic, wound care, diabetic supplies, and hundreds of other related categories to keep you safe, and healthy.
It is among the list of the best medical supply companies in the USA and was founded in 2002.
Address: The Betty Mills Company, Inc. 161 West 25th Avenue, #203 San Mateo, CA 94403
Home Care Delivered
Home care delivered is among the best medical supply companies in the USA. They are outstanding in their insurance guidelines on medical products.
It offers medical equipment as a Medicare- and Medicaid-approved provider and accepts private insurance.
Address: 11013 W Broad St, Glen Allen, VA 23060, United States
In this article on the best medical supply companies in USA, we recommend you do your individual research before othering from them through the links provided.
Does Medicare cover hospice? This question is a big concern to many, however, clarification on does medicare cover hospice is made for better understanding.
Hospice care costs are covered by Medicare and most private insurance programs. This is one of the benefits patients are offered by medicare.
This lifts financial burdens and gives patients an amazing and comfortable end of life.
This care also stands to affirm life and make one live as long as possible. I am confident you understand what hospice is although more light will be thrown to give you a better view. Hospice is mostly on a home base however, there are equally health facilities to promote this care.
Introduction to does medicare cover hospice
This question on does medicare cover hospice had been answered however, it is of utmost importance you understand the things involved in hospice and medicare and how they operate.
Hospice is special care that provides compassionate care for people in the last phases of incurable disease so that they may live as fully and comfortably as possible.
This care focuses on the improvement of the quality of life of the patients and their caregivers.
Medicare is a US government-funded health insurance program that provides medical coverage for people over the age of 65.
Some requirements are to be met in order to be eligible for hospice care coverage by Medicare. Let’s take look at some of the requirements below.
Medicare hospice eligibility criteria 2021
Requirements in does medicare cover hospice
There should be certification by your doctor and a hospice medical director indicating that a patient has limited time to live usually 6 months or less.
The patient must sign a document that indicates he or she chooses hospice over curative treatment for the terminal disease however, one can stop hospice and return to curative treatment at any time.
The patient receives care from a Medicare-approved hospice program.
A patient must be eligible for medicare type A. Medicare Part A always covers hospice services, even for patients with a Medicare Advantage (Part C) plan. Hospice services for patients and their families are covered by medicare.
You are strongly advised in this article on does medicare cover hospice to visit your health care provider and know the right thing to do and also check what the medicare program covers in your locality and their benefits.
On a general view hospice services are not limited to the one below:
Home medical equipment and personal supplies
Around-the-clock access to care
Management of complex pain and other symptoms
Hospice aide for personal care and light homemaking
Medical social services
Spiritual care and support
Physical, occupational, dietary, and speech therapies
Support from volunteers
Short-term inpatient respite care (relief) for family caregivers
Ongoing Grief counseling for the patient, family, and friends
Important things to note on does medicare cover hospice?
Hospice care is usually given in your home but may also be covered in a hospice inpatient facility.
When you choose hospice care, you decide you no longer want care to cure your terminal illness, and/or your doctor determines that efforts to cure your illness aren’t working.
Hospice benefits will usually cover everything you need
It does not cover expenses associated with room and board.
Does medicare pay for hospice in a skilled nursing facility?
Does medicare pay for hospice in a skilled nursing facility is another question of concern, just as earlier stated medicare covers everything you need in hospice care provided the patient is eligible to receive such services.
Yes, Medicare pays for hospice in a skilled nursing facility. In a nursing facility, a hospice helps patients, families, and nursing home staff by providing end-of-life resources and support.
The Medicare Hospice Benefit covers services, medications, supplies, and equipment that are related to terminal illness.
These skilled nursing facility room-and-board expenses are often covered by Medicaid when the patient meets the state’s financial eligibility requirements.
How much does hospice cost?
If you are interested in knowing how much hospice costs the value provided below will guide you however, it is important you note that are variations depending on different factors like the state of the patients, type of illness, and other economic determinants of cost.
Medicare covers hospice care costs once a patient reaches all the criteria. These costs might be up to $10,000 per month, depending on the nature of the disease and the level of care required.
However, on average, it is usually around $200 for home care and up to $1000 for general inpatient care per day.
According to the HOA, the average costs for Hospice Care as of October 1, 2010, were $147/day for routine home care, $856/day for the continuous care of 24 hours, or $36/hour if a nurse is in the homeless than 24 hours; and $152/day for respite care.
Who pays for hospice care at home?
If you are interested in knowing who pays for hospice, below are some of the programs or ways to get financial relief for hospice care.
Individuals
Medicare or Medicaid
Veteran’s Benefits
Health Insurance Coverage
Conclusion on does medicare cover hospice
A lot has been said on does medicare cover hospice, to which the answer is given as “YES” however, this article is not to interfere in any way, with any health insurance policy or determine the cost of healthcare. Kindly make your individual research to know what works for you and your family and the appropriate step to take. This article is for reference purposes.
There are different hospitals in Owerri we can proudly rate among the best hospitals in the capital city of Imo state Nigeria.
These hospitals are sophisticated with modern medical equipment as such making medical service delivery seamless, effective, and efficient.
These hospitals perform the treatment of general and minimum medical conditions, surgical procedures, and excellent performance in a series of medical areas.
Introduction to the best hospitals in Owerri
The hospitals in Owerri on our list are worthwhile and since good health is everybody’s desire, we bring to you this piece as a guide in making the right choice for health where you can get the best.
Think of good hospitals in Owerri you can go for the best healthcare facility has to offer, think of our list of the best hospitals in Owerri.
As the scripture states that we should prosper and be in good health, that is to tell you how important it is to live healthily and that healthy living is complemented by a good hospital.
The reasons and importance of good hospitals in the state can not be over-emphasized.
Below is the list of the best hospitals in Owerri that you are expected to know;
Umezuruike Hospital and Maternity
Christina Specialist Hospital
Federal medical center Owerri
First concept hospital
Salvation hospital and maternity
Imo state specialist hospital
Dews of hope specialist hospital
Aladimma hospital
General Hospital Umuguma
Umezuruike Hospital and Maternity
This a private hospital was founded on 15th October 1971. Its first home was in rented premises at 78/79 Wetheral Road, Owerri, a small fifteen bedded clinic. This establishment made news in the national dailies at the time, because it was the second fully equipped privately operated clinic in the metropolis of Owerri, offering both out-patient and in-patient care of high quality.
Since then, it has been striving in upholding its status among the best hospitals in Owerri as such improving its operations and adopting modern technologies for efficiency in its service deliveries.
This hospital has about 50 hospital beds in their different specialties and they are over 40 years of experience has made them stand out.
Address: No 21/22 Umezuruike Street, Off Warehouse roundabout, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.
Christina Specialist Hospital
This hospital was founded in 1982, it is an orthopedic and trauma center. They Strive to serve Humanity with Devotion, Dedication, and Honesty.
It has about 150 hospital beds in its different departments and units. The units include but are not limited to Orthopedics and Trauma Center, Ultra Modern LAB and X-ray Departments, Dialysis Unit, Dental unit, eye clinic, and Maternity Unit.
Address: Km 2 Egbu Road Owerri, Nigeria
Federal medical center Owerri
As the name implies, it is a federal-owned health institution with different specializations and units. It stands to be one of the best hospitals in Owerri Imo state.
They have devoted doctors and nurses always willing to give their best for the well-being of their patients.
Their services include but are not limited to the provision of routine and emergency diagnostic and therapeutic clinical services covering different specialties.
Address: Orlu Rd, Owerri, Imo state
First concept hospital
Among the best hospitals in Owerri, is the first concept hospital, it is a private hospital that is well equipped and also works hard in adopting modern medical technologies.
It has a serene environment that is safe for workers and patients.
Address: Ikenegbu Layout, Owerri, Nigeria
Salvation hospital and maternity
Salvation Hospital & Maternity is a privately owned Hospital and Maternity home founded by Dr. Gyang David Joseph in 1998 and moved to its permanent site on 15th February 2016.
They have an effective emergency services department that is open 24/7.
their services are but are not limited to General Medical Practice, Surgery, Paediatrics services, OBS & Gynecology, Laboratory service, and Medical Counselling.
This is a state-owned hospital, established for effective and efficient healthcare delivery services for the people of Imo state.
it is an amazing hospital of national standards with all required accreditations and licenses.
Address: Off Port Harcourt Rd, New Owerri, Owerri
Dews of hope specialist hospital
This is among the best hospitals in Owerri Imo state, they have all it takes in terms of medical and health care delivery in the city of Owerri.
They also have a serene environment necessary for the efficient delivery of healthcare services.
Address: New Owerri, Owerri
Aladimma hospital
Aladinma Hospital is a privately owned healthcare center with modern facilities for child and adult health care services, maternity, and surgical operations.
It is rated among the best hospitals in Owerri because of its devotedness to efficient medical and health care.
General Hospital Umuguma
This is among the best hospitals in Owerri Imo state and also with devoted health and medical practitioners they make our list of the best hospitals in Owerri.
It is a state-owned health institution with required accreditations that qualifies it to deliver medical services to the citizens of Imo state and Nigeria at large.
Address:Umuguma Road, New Owerri, Owerri
Best private hospitals in Owerri
Below is the list of 5 best private hospitals in Owerri Imo state from our list of best hospitals in Owerri;
Umezuruike hospital
Christina specialist hospital
Salvation hospital
Conclusion on the best hospitals in Owerri
The hospitals listed above are worth visiting, also it is essential you note that they are in no order of ranking.
Kindly follow the individual hospitals for a proper understanding of their modes of operation. Feel free to drop your suggestions. Your opinion is essential for modifications.
Wondering how to become a nurse in Australia? Don’t worry we have the right answer for you in this article on how to become a nurse in Australia.
Nursing is an amazing career, especially for those who have a love for humanity and health. However, becoming a nurse differs in different countries and provinces, these differences prompted this article on how to become a nurse in Australia.
Australia is a wonderful destination for those seeking to become a nurse because it has many mouthwatering promises for its health workers.
Don’t be in a haste to conclude nothing good comes easy, that’s the reason we bring to you this little piece on how to become a nurse in Australia.
Having the right information on how to become a nurse in Australia will give you a better ground in achieving your career goals.
A career in Nursing can improve your life and that of others around you. As the is an aging population, the demand for nurses is on the increase globally.
Over the past decade, Australia’s health industry has achieved a reputation for world-class technology, medical innovation, high-quality professional competence, and a development system. The nursing career in Australia has become one of the most dynamic and evolving areas of the health system, and RNs are listed as one of 15 known healthcare professions (AHPRA 2018).
Overview of how to become a nurse in Australia
Do you have a love for health and humanity? Or are you after a career that allows you to make a positive impact on someone’s life?
Nursing could be a great fit for you. Here are some of the reasons why you should consider this piece on how to become a nurse in Australia worthwhile.
Is essential you note that Australian universities are globally recognized for their outstanding remarks in nursing science, which gave Australia the ground to be identified as having 11 of the world’s top 50 institutions that teach nursing science for 2019 by the QS World University Rankings.
Healthcare is one of Australia’s fastest-growing employment sectors and the demand for healthcare services will continue to increase, given Australia’s aging population as earlier stated. It’s no surprise that nursing is highly sought after because it offers a stable and rewarding profession. Nurses experience strong job satisfaction from the help they provide to patients.
Nursing career is diverse with nurses helping patients through different difficult situations of their lives. However, for one to make a good nurse some potential skills are required like compassion, good communication, as well as theoretical and medical practical knowledge.
How to become a nurse in Australia?
There are different routes on how to become a nurse in Australia, depending on which one works for you or your eligibility.
If you want to be a nurse and work in Australia, all you need to do is have the proper education and clinical training before you can start in the field. If you’re abroad, you can also apply to get a visa so you can work there as long as you meet their requirements for the field.
Considering how to become a nurse in Australia you can kick start this journey by either applying to become an enrolled nurse EN or a registered nurse RN after the completion of your high school. Registered Nurses (RN) have a high level of expertise and responsibility, and they can take on many challenging and rewarding roles. For example, they can be a unit manager, team leader, or work in medical administration.
The RN has the training and experience to give their patients the highest level of care in a range of complex situations.
On the other hand, Enrolled Nurses (EN) work under the supervision of an RN, either directly or indirectly depending on their experience and their work environment. They attend to their patients’ comfort, hygiene, and safety.
This can involve observing, measuring, and recording their patients’ blood pressure and pulse, and reporting changes in their patients’ condition to the RN or to the doctors. The EN can also assist in first aid and emergency situations.
An Enrolled Nurse can work in a range of healthcare environments, such as hospitals, aged-care facilities, welfare organizations, and in the community.
However, both enrolled nurses and registered nurses have specific functions as we explained above.
How to become a registered nurse in Australia?
Below is a step-by-step approach to how to become a nurse in Australia;
You have to apply for a bachelor of nursing
Get a vaccination for working with children and police check
Study Bachelor of nursing
Take the English language proficiency test
Take a qualification assessment test
Register with AHPRA
Wait for approval of your application
You have to apply for a bachelor of nursing
To become a nurse in Australia, you need to apply for a Bachelor of Nursing, this stage is a very important one because it gives room for other stages.
In other to apply you need to attain a certain age of about 17 before you become eligible to apply and might have concluded your high school.
Get a vaccination for working with children and police check
Once your application is accepted and before you enroll, in classes you’ll need to apply for your Working With Children Check and National Police Check. These checks will need to be current throughout your entire course of study.
Study Bachelor of Nursing
This is a crucial stage of this amazing journey of your career in becoming a nurse in Australia. You need to obtain your B.Sc. from an accredited institution of international standard and reputation as you will be focused on obtaining your nursing degree.
A Bachelor of Nursing degree combines practical clinical experience and theory to give you the vital skills you need to work in operating theatres, emergency departments, aged care facilities, and more.
You’ll learn from experienced staff, use state-of-the-art technology, and complete about 800 hours in placements across various clinical settings, so you can get a real taste of what it’s like to be a nurse.
This program can take at least 3 years of study.
Take the English language proficiency test
Nurses in Australia need to speak fluently in English to get a job. If you did not complete a college degree in English, you must an English language test consisting of speaking, listening, reading, and writing.
Take the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) exam and get at least a grade of 7 in each test category.
You must complete the test at least 2 years before filling out your AHPRA application however, this is for foreign-trained nurses, where English is not the native language of teaching.
Take a qualification assessment test
This is also an essential exam on how to become a nurse in Australia, this exam is only applicable to foreign-trained nurses who practice in Australia.
Failure in this assessment will result in application rejection. You have to take approved coursework to become a registered nurse in Australia as a foreign-trained nurse.
Is essential to note that this assessment test does not apply to you If you’ve completed nursing school and registered to become a nurse in the United Kingdom, Ireland, the United States, Canada, New Zealand, Hong Kong, or Singapore.
Once you complete your course, you need to apply to the AHPRA to practice as a registered nurse. You’ll need to renew this registration annually.
Then, you’ll be a registered nurse and a career of bringing comfort, care and quality of life to people will begin.
The AHPRA application requires your nursing school degree and coursework to see if you have the experience needed to get licensed in Australia.
You need to fill out the rest of the application prompts online and apply so it can be reviewed by the Australian Medical Board.
Wait for approval of your application
This stage requires you to be patient, it can take from weeks to months before the approval of your application.
How to become an enrolled nurse in Australia?
Below is a step-by-step approach to become a nurse in Australia
How to become an enrolled nurse EN in Australia is also very important in this article on how to become a nurse in Australia.
Get a vaccination for working with children and police check
Study a Diploma of nursing
Register with AHPRA
After completion of the above, an enrolled nurse can decide to further his/her studies toward becoming a registered nurse by applying through an accredited university.
Nursing in Australia is dependent on the university you wish to apply to and your country of residence.
In this article on how to become a nurse in Australia few universities that offer nursing in Australia would be considered.
Nursing in Australia requirements for the University of Sydney
The University is ranked first in Australia and fourth in the world for graduate employability in the QS Graduate Employability Rankings 2020. It is a good institution to obtain your nursing degree.
Admission criteria
Admission to this course is on the basis of the following:
The University of Sydney’s nursing requirements are similar to most universities around the world.
A secondary education qualification such as the NSW Higher School Certificate (including national and international equivalents), or approved higher education study, including approved preparation courses
English language requirements as detailed below
Admission pathways are open to domestic applicants on the basis of equity or other adjustment factors, including for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander applicants. For details, visit admission pathways.
It is required that applicants have the ability to undertake clinical placements and the Sydney Nursing School Clinical Placement Provisions 2020 contains further details of the requirements.
Applicants who are registered as a nurse with the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia are not eligible to apply for this course.
English requirements
Whether you are a domestic or an international student you must submit an English language declaration form (pdf, 59KB). If English is not your primary language*, you are required to undertake one of the following English language proficiency tests and achieve at least the minimum score required:
a) The IELTS (academic module) with a minimum overall score of 7 and a minimum score of 7 in each of the four components (listening, reading, writing, and speaking).
b) The PTE Academic with a minimum overall score of 68 and a minimum score of 68 in each of the four communicative skills (listening, reading, writing, and speaking).
c) The TOEFL iBT with a minimum total score of 96 and the following minimum score in each section of the test:
24 for Listening
24 for reading
27 for writing
23 for speaking
English language proficiency tests must be completed within two years of course commencement.
Inherent requirements
Inherent requirements are the essential tasks and activities necessary to be able to achieve the core learning outcomes of a course.
They are specific to a particular course or discipline. To assist students in making informed choices about their studies, we highly recommend you visit the University of Sydney nursing requirements.
Top Nursing universities in Australia
Griffith University
University of Technology Sydney (UTS)
The University of Melbourne
Monash University
The University of Sydney
Victoria University
Griffith University
Griffith University’s Nursing School is studied at the Nathan and Logan campuses. With over 50,000 patient appointments on campus every year, students, under supervision, have the chance to practise with real patients!
With a focus on hands-on work and real-world experience, studying at Griffith means a lot of time in placements and simulated clinical settings at the Nursing laboratories.
University of Technology Sydney (UTS)
The University of Technology Sydney (UTS) offers a dynamic nursing degree underpinned by the latest research into nursing and midwifery. The UTS Nursing faculty is affiliated with over 100 clinical facilities across New South Wales alone, allowing nursing students to grow their professional networks!
The UTS Nursing faculty also gives students the option to specialise in many health disciplines, including mental health, palliative care, and aged care to name a few.
Undergraduate students can either apply for a Bachelor of Nursing (3 years full-time) or a Bachelor of Midwifery (3 years full-time) —the latter being one of the only undergraduate courses of its kind in Australia. An optional honours degree is also available for Bachelor of Nursing students.
The school is also ranked 17th globally, according to QS Top Universities Rankings 2023. It is also the 2nd best university overall in Australia according to the Top Universities in Australia 2023 rankings.
Underpinned by cutting-edge health and medical sciences research, Melbourne University’s Nursing School provides nursing students with an in-depth education, particularly through its connection with a variety of specialist teaching hospitals across Australia.
Applicants must first complete a three year undergraduate degree in Commerce, Design, Biomedicine or Science to apply for the Master of Nursing Science.
Those who achieved an ATAR between 96.00 and 99.85 in Year 12 and then go on to enrol in an undergraduate degree at Melbourne University are guaranteed a place in the Master of Nursing Science. This is provided that you achieve a weighted average mark of 65+ or higher for your undergraduate.
Monash University
Melbourne’s Monash University School of Nursing and Midwifery is the highest-ranking nursing school in Victoria. Monash University Nursing School is spread across both the Clayton and Peninsula campuses, offering undergraduate students a wide range of study options in various health and medical fields.
The school also promotes practical learning, giving students vast options of clinical placements.
Undergraduate courses include a Bachelor of Nursing and a Bachelor of Nursing/Bachelor of Midwifery (Honours) which are respectively 3 and 4 years in length.
The University of Sydney
Based on Mallet Street in Camperdown, the new, purpose-built Susan Wakil Building that houses the University of Sydney Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery provides students with the practical skills that are required within the nursing profession.
Victoria University
Studying nursing at VU will equip you with a broad set of skills to work as a general or mental-health nurse. With a highly valued nursing degree, doors will open to a wide range of career opportunities in hospitals and health care.
Their Bachelor of Nursing will ensure that you have sound scientific knowledge and skills, as well as hands-on nursing experience. You’ll participate in simulation learning using modern technology, practising your skills in a safe environment before you work with real patients.
How to become a doctor in Canada for foreign doctors is essential piece for all.
Oftentimes, the quest for a better life becomes unquenchable especially for medical practitioners since a lot is required of them. Moreover, countries like Canada are assumed to have favorable work conditions.
Canada in recent times is the destination for many immigrants including medical and health professionals in search of greener pastures, having in mind the unlimited opportunities in the country.
Overview on how to become a doctor in Canada for foreign doctors
For medical doctors trained outside any of the provinces in Canada, but have the zeal to practice in Canada, you are alone this article is for you. Here we will break down the essential things you need to know if you intend to practice in Canada as a physician.
For decades most doctors have been on that track you want to follow or intend to follow in the future, a lot of things are required ranging from numerous exams and monetary aspects.
Steps on how to become a doctor in Canada for foreign doctors
Is no doubt that nothing good comes easy and this race is not an exemption a lot of sacrifices and hard works are required.
STEP 1. On how to become a doctor in Canada for foreign doctors
Verification of your medical degree or certificate recognition
This is the first but the easiest to do, you only need to confirm if the institution you attended is of international recognition and standard.
That is why is advisable to attend accredited medical schools of global standard to avoid being frustrated in situations like this.
To verify your medical degree visit the world directory of medical schools enter in detail, your qualifications from the name of the institution you attended to the country, and search on the web platform.
You know your institution is an accepted medical institution if it shows up in the results. After that, you will proceed to the next step.
The mission of the World Directory of Medical Schools is to list all of the medical schools in the world, with accurate, up-to-date, and comprehensive information on each school.
From the image above you can say you have a positive result.
STEP 2. On how to become a doctor in Canada for foreign doctors
Proceed with the online application
Here you are required to apply via physicianapply.ca follow the instructions and get registered. If on the platform you qualify for the next step which is registered for your (medical council of Canada Qualification examination) MCCQE or Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada.
Don’t be discouraged, it is normal to pay a fee in this step, some of the fees fall under the range below:
Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination (MCCQE) Part I
Application fee
$1,305
Examination withdrawal fee
$653
Eligibility window extension – Administrative fee
$97
Score recheck fee
$251
Appeal fee
$1,000
STEP 3. On how to become a doctor in Canada for foreign doctors
Submit your medical credentials for verification and approval
After you might have paid the required fee and the verification of your credentials becomes successful, you become eligible to take the MCC exam.
STEP 4. On how to become a doctor in Canada for foreign doctors
Take the medical council of Canada qualification examination (MCCQE)
MCCQE is a very vital screening test in your journey of practicing in Canada as a foreign-trained physician. This exam is divided into two distinct phases
Phase 1
Phase 2
You can take the phase 1 MCCQE online from your country, once you come out successful in the examination, you can start preparing for your travel documents which in some cases the exam result will be required as part of your credentials.
On getting to Canada as a doctor, the ball is in your court to decide which route to follow depending on your career goals, because you will have a broader ground of opportunities.
Below are some of the things to do once you arrived in Canada in this article; How to become a doctor in Canada from another country.
Take the National Assessment Collaboration (NAC) Examination
NAC is an essential examination to apply for a residency position in Canada, international medical physicians need to pass the National Assessment Collaboration Examination to be on a favorable side.
Take the MCCQE phase 2 examinations
If your career goal is to start practicing as a physician in Canada, the second phase of MCCQE is for you.
Although passing this exam does not guarantee an automatic license for practicing in Canada. The medical regulatory authorities in the province you intend to practice will also consider your application before the license is issued.
This exam is compulsory for both foreign-trained and Canadian doctors
After passing the MCCQE Part I, you must submit acceptable proof of postgraduate clinical medical training before applying to Part II.
Although, when you must have passed the MCCQE Part II and meet all other MCC requirements, you will be awarded the Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada.
After this rigorous process and you finally get a license to practice
CONGRATULATIONS
consider Joining a practice-ready assessment (PRA) program
If you are looking to get a provisional license so you can begin independent practice, a practice-ready assessment (PRA) program is a clever approach.
Available in several provinces, this kind of program is designed for internationally trained physicians who have pursued postgraduate clinical medical training abroad.
Consider seeking out liability protection
If you are practicing or completing your medical training in Canada, you will need medical liability protection.
Conclusion on how to become a doctor in Canada for foreign doctors
Becoming a doctor in Canada for foreign-trained physicians is a commendable ambition that requires dedication, resilience, and a thorough understanding of the Canadian medical system.
The journey, while potentially lengthy, can be immensely rewarding, as it provides an opportunity to serve and integrate into the Canadian healthcare community.
As with any meaningful endeavor, thorough preparation, an understanding of the required credentials, and consistent efforts are the keys to navigating this transition.
The 10 ways to prevent mental illness are worth knowing and are among the clever approaches to living a healthy life.
When it comes to mental health conditions, one’s behavior, mood, and thought are often affected.
Many people have mental health illnesses resulting from different factors from time to time. But a mental health concern becomes a mental illness when ongoing signs and symptoms cause frequent stress and affect your normal physiological state and functions.
Introduction to 10 ways to prevent mental illness
Mental health conditions can make one’s life unbearable and can cause problems in your daily life, such as at school or the workplace therefore, this article on 10 ways to prevent mental illness is an essential piece for everyone.
Prevention is better than cure, It’s time to be responsible and take action to avoid mental health problems from occurring. Science has come to a stage where we are starting to uncover what we can do to prevent mental illness from occurring.
Understanding an illness is a clever approach to knowing how you can prevent and cure an illness.
Some symptoms of mental health conditions
In this article, 10 ways to prevent mental illness, different early signs of some mental illnesses are listed and it is essential you take action before the condition gets out of hand.
Prevention of mental illness aims to reduce the incidence, prevalence, and recurrence of mental illnesses and their associated disability.
Preventive interventions are based on modifying risk exposure and strengthening the coping mechanisms of the individual.
Below are some of the signs and symptoms of mental health concerns
Confused thinking
Excessive fears or worries
Inability to concentrate
Extreme mood changes
Withdrawal from friends and activities
Significant tiredness, low energy, or problems sleeping
Extreme feelings of guilt
Excessive anger, hostility, or violence
Hallucinations
Suicidal thinking
Inability to cope with daily problems or stress
Problems with alcohol or drug use
Major changes in eating habits
Abnormal sex drive changes
If you think and notice any sign but not limited to the ones listed above that you are not comfortable with, do not hesitate to consult a qualified physician or health care, provider.
10 ways to prevent mental illness
But are some of the 10 ways to prevent mental illness you must know.
Avoidance of alcohol and other psychoactive agents or drugs
Exercise
Improvement on your social life
Self-worth and value
Be willing to forgive
Learn to meditate
Go for healthy meals
Always volunteer
Take good rest
Seek for help
Avoidance of alcohol and other psychoactive agents or drugs
Alcohol and some drugs can pass the blood-brain barrier as such have the tendency to alter the mood, taught, and general behavior of an individual. Is of utmost importance that you understand your body chemistry and avoid anything that can alter your state of mind.
Drugs, drinking, and smoking have a great impact on your mental health. When you’ve had a few drinks you can feel more depressed and anxious the next day, and it can be harder to concentrate.
Excessive drinking for prolonged periods can leave you with a thiamine deficiency.
Thiamine is important for our brain function and a deficiency can lead to severe memory problems, motor (coordination) problems, confusion, and eye problems.
If you smoke, between cigarettes your body and brain go into withdrawal which makes you irritable and anxious.
Exercise among the 10 ways to prevent mental illness
Often time, people understate the usefulness of exercise in the general health of an individual.
That which exercise does to one’s mental health cannot be over-emphasized. Exercise does not imply you go to the gym or run a 100-meter race, a gentle workout can go a long way in making you feel whole.
Being active does not only gives you a sense of achievement, but it boosts the chemicals in your brain that help put you in a good mood. It can help eliminate toxins from the system, low mood, anxiety, stress, and feeling of fatigue.
Exercise is no doubt one of the 10 ways to prevent mental illness.
Improvement on your social life
The definition of health is not complete without the inclusion social wellbeing of an individual. Improvement in social life is also an outstanding factor in the mental health of an individual so its inclusion as one of the 10 ways to prevent mental illness is not by accident.
People with strong social connections are generally healthier than those who lack a support network. Make plans with supportive family members and friends, or seek out activities where you can meet new people.
Self-worth and value among the 10 ways to prevent mental illness
When there is no self-worth, regrets become the order of the day, most people neglect this unconsciously and therefore unknowingly lose their mental strength.
Treat yourself with kindness and respect, and avoid self-criticism. Make time for your hobbies and favorite projects, or broaden your horizons.
Be willing to forgive
When you do not forgive you give yourself mental stress. Grudges do not help the mood in any aspect.
Giving room for forgiveness helps you feel good and great and therefore is one of the 10 ways to prevent mental illness.
Learn to meditate
Try meditating, Mindfulness, and prayer. Meditation and prayer can improve your state of mind and outlook on life.
A reliable source showed that meditation may help you feel calm and enhance your mental health.
Go for healthy meals
Work to make your food serve as drugs. A healthy meal improves your general health and your mental health is not an exclusion.
Nutritious meals help improve the brain capacity and therefore, one of the 10 ways to prevent mental illness.
Seek for help
Early recognition of mental health goes long way in making in preventing mental illness. When there is anything you are not comfortable with about your health always seek out health.
Go to the right person for help, a qualified physician is highly recommended.
Psychologists have a range of approaches that can help improve your mental state and is also one of the 10 ways to prevent mental illness.
Always volunteer
Volunteer your time and energy to help someone in need. You will feel good about doing something tangible to help someone in need and it’s a great way to meet new people and also indirectly improve your social health.
Take good rest
Stress is a part of life. Remember to smile and see the humor in life. Research shows that laughter can boost your immune system, ease pain, relax your body and reduce stress.
Getting quality sleep, and enough of it is essential for physical and mental health. Your idea of a good night’s sleep might differ from the next person.
Some people need more than eight hours of sleep to feel rested, others less. Your sleep patterns may vary depending on one’s lifestyle.
Sleep releases serotonin which is a neurotransmitter that helps improve your brain health and capacity, therefore, improving the total well-being of an individual.
Why is it important to take care of your mental health?
Mental fitness helps us to achieve a state of good mental health. When we are mentally healthy, we live a fulfilling lifestyle and enjoy our life and environment, and the people in it.
We can be creative, learn, try new things, and take risks. We are better able to cope with difficult times in our personal and professional lives
Nurturing our mental health can also help us prevent the mental health problems that are sometimes associated with other physical health conditions.
How to improve mental health without medication
The above 10 ways to prevent mental illness are healthy ways how to improve mental health without medication.
When you take good care of your mental health you live a healthier lifestyle.
Are you in search of a pediatric dentist in Sugar Land TX? Worry no more this article is for you.
Dental problems come with utmost discomfort and pain, no parents can withstand their child go through the agony of the tooth or dental problems.
Therefore, knowing the best clinic where you can meet the right dentists for your children should be every parent’s priority in Sugar Land.
Sugar Land is the largest city in Fort Bend County, Texas, United States, located in the southwestern part of Houston–The Woodlands-Sugar Land metropolitan area.
This city is one of the most affluent and fastest-growing cities in Texas. Its population increased more than 158% between 1990 and 2000 with such there is an increase in demand for health care.
Overview of the best pediatric dentist in sugar land
Over the years, there has been an immense rise in dental cases for pediatrics in sugar land Texas and the world at large, thus needing the services of professional and proficient dentists who are endowed in their chosen profession of dentistry is worthwhile.
The quest for a professional dentist for children should be everyone’s concern as earlier mentioned. Although it could be challenging to find the right dentist for your children since everyone claims to be the best, that is one of the essences of this article to have to find the right pediatric dentist in sugar land.
How to find a pediatric dentist in sugar land?
Below are some of the things to consider before choosing the right pediatric dentist in sugar land
Referrals
Clinic equipment
Patience
Personal interaction
Proximity
Dentist qualification
cost
Referrals
A referral is one of the ways to find out the best pediatric dentist in sugar, you need to be referred by family and friends or information you get online about a particular clinic or dentist with proper ratings. Positive ratings are no doubt a good signal for any dentist or clinic.
When you are referred by a friend or family you have the confidence that your child’s dental care will be settled, referral is indeed a clever approach to choosing the best pediatric dentist in Sugar Land Texas.
After referral, you can short-list a group of dentists and schedule an appointment with them to gauge their expertise in the initial consultation phase. This would enable insight-based decision-making.
Clinical dental equipment
How sophisticated a clinic is with modern facilities is an avenue for rating the clinic. Dental devices and equipment are good ground for effective professional dental services.
Referral and research will also help you know the clinic with the right equipment.
Patience
Dentists in Sugar Land have various dental procedures for treating patients. Oral health is a sensitive issue that needs the expert care of a good pediatric dentist in Sugar Land.
You can research online before visiting a dentist in order to get the best results. And do not be in a haste to make decisions when choosing the best pediatric dentist in Sugar Land.
Personal interaction
When choosing a pediatric dentist in Sugar Land, consider those with healthy social interaction. A dentist that your child will be comfortable with so as to explain their dental problems too.
A better explanation of a dental issue will give a better understanding of the issue and the right approach to treatment.
Proximity
The proximity and availability of a dentist should be put into consideration before choosing the best pediatric dentist in Sugar Land Texas. Proximity is an essential factor to be considered in case of an emergency.
Dentist qualification
Before selecting a pediatric dentist in Sugar Land, you need to perform a background check of the dentist you wish to choose.
You should go through their educational qualifications and knowledge of special procedures for maintaining oral health. Their affiliation with the American Dental Association (ADA) is a good indication of their professional competency.
Best pediatric dentist in Sugar Land Tx
This article on the list of the best pediatric dentists in Sugar should direct you as a parent to make the right decision in choosing a suitable pediatric dentist from the list of dental clinics in Sugar Land for your children.
Although this list of the best pediatric dentists in sugar land is not in any specific rating.
In Sugar Land, this pediatric clinic is amazing from the research obtained, they have sophisticated dental equipment and qualified dentists who approach each case with professionalism and proficiency. Among the best pediatric dentists in sugar, the land is Doctor Leena.
Doctor Leena is a dentist in Sugar Land pediatric dentistry, she grew up in Orange County, California, and attended the UNLV School of Dental Medicine where she was inducted into the prestigious Omicron Kappa Upsilon National Dental Honor Society.
She graduated Cum Laude with her dental degree in 2006 and realized early in her dental training that she had a love for working with children.
She accepted a position in a two-year specialty residency in pediatric dentistry at UT Houston Health Science Center where she gained extensive training in pediatric dental care, including behavior management and sedation modalities, trauma management, and the treatment of children and young adults with special health care needs.
Contact address: 13440 University Blvd #120, Sugar Land, TX 77479, United States
Sweetpea Smile Pediatric Dentistry
Sweetpea Smile Pediatric Dentistry has a dedicated team of pediatric specialists who care for your children’s smiles, from infants to teens and every age in between. They see patients from all over the area, including Sugar Land, Missouri City, New Territory, and the surrounding communities.
Contact address: 15850 Southwest Fwy #400, Sugar Land, TX 77478, United States
Larry Caldwell, D.D.S. Pediatric Dentist
If you are looking for an exceptional pediatric dentist in Sugar Land, you have come to the right place. At Larry Caldwell, DDS & Associates, the doctors, Dr. Larry Caldwell and Dr. Derek Steinbring, specialize in both standard pediatric dentistry and special needs pediatric dentistry with the goal of making every child’s dental experience positive and rewarding.
Contact address: 15200 Southwest Fwy Suite 320, Sugar Land, TX 77478, United States
Rishi Khanna, DMD PC
Dr. Rishi Khanna received his B.A. in Biology in 3 years from Boston University in 1999. He received his D.M.D. degree from Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine where he was the American Student Dental Association Representative from 2001-2003.
Prior to starting his own private practice in Sugar Land, TX, Dr. Khanna had been an Associate dentist in both Boston, MA and Houston, TX.
His current practice includes general, cosmetic, and implant dentistry with an emphasis on providing gentle, comprehensive cutting-edge dentistry.
He is certified in providing nitrous oxide and oral sedation and is also certified in Invisalign and Lasers. His goal is to have every patient leave his practice with a healthy beautiful smile while having the gentlest dental experience possible.
Contact address: 4645 Sweetwater Blvd #300, Sugar Land, TX 77479, United States
River Stone Pediatric Dentistry
Riverstone Pediatric Dentistry takes special care in providing dentistry for children. The team, led by Dr. Pandya, is focused on making every visit comfortable and fun for your child.
As a pediatric dentist, Dr. Pandya understands how important it is to start kids off with a positive dental experience at an early age.
From their very first sweet smile to their adult smile, when it comes to finding a children’s dentist, Riverstone Pediatric Dentistry is the perfect choice for any family!
Contact address: 18717 University Blvd #205, Sugar Land, TX 77479, United States
Evergreen Pediatric Dentistry
According to evergreen pediatric dentistry, instilling early proactive brushing and cleaning routines along with regularly scheduled checkups at the dentist are necessary for preventing major long-term issues.
This awesome dental clinic is committed to making the dental office fun for your child. Putting a smile on both the parent and child is the main goal of every visit.
Contact address: 3131 Briarpark Dr #102, Houston, TX 77042, United States
Bubble Kids Dental
At Bubble Kids Dental, they set out to build a different kind of practice, where a fun and friendly environment meets the highest quality of care.
From movies to games to laughing gas, Bubble Kids Dental strives to give your child the best possible dental experience and as such has one of the best pediatric dentists in Sugar Land Tx.
Contact address: 2320 BF Terry Blvd #100, Rosenberg, TX 77471, United States
Healthy Teeth Pediatric Dentistry
They specialize in diagnosing and treating Tooth decay and dental emergencies (teeth discoloration, loose teeth, gray tooth, broken teeth) also, teething issues (tooth behind a tooth, late and early eruption, loose tooth, missing tooth, the extra tooth).
orthodontic needs and habits (thumb-sucking, finger-sucking, lip-sucking, teeth grinding) are also taken care of at healthy teeth pediatric dentistry.
Contact address: 4907 Sandhill Dr. Suite E, Sugar Land, TX 77479, United States
Grand Parkway Pediatric Dental
At Grand Parkway Pediatric Dental, they take the time to understand and examine a child’s dental needs. Since children may have difficulty describing the details of an oral health problem
It is no secret that children tend to dislike visiting the dentist for any reason. Thus, they strive to create a welcoming atmosphere to help children relax during treatment.
Grand Parkway Pediatric Dental is committed to making your child’s first visit a pleasant and comfortable experience. As a Richmond, TX Pediatric Dentist, Dr. Khan and his staff offer a kid-friendly atmosphere to keep your child at ease.
Dr. Khan is a Board-Certified Pediatric Dentist, which means our office specializes in providing care for infants, children, and teens as well as other individuals.
Dr. Khan also believes in his comfortable and reliable pediatric care, because he has his own children and understands a child’s nervousness at the dental office.
He believes in the importance of education so that his patients feel at ease during routine cleanings and other pediatric dental procedures.
Contact address: 7910 West Grand Parkway S, Ste 100 Richmond, TX 77406
Apollonia Dental
They offer the full array of general, cosmetic, and restorative dentistry services in Bakersfield which includes teeth cleanings and exams, porcelain dental crowns and veneers, dental implants, teeth whitening, cosmetic dentistry, sedation dentistry, clear Invisalign aligners, and more.
Dr. Joseph Marvizi and Dr. Rafik Habashi Soliman along with our Bakersfield dental staff here at Apollonia Dental Center believe outstanding dentistry can improve your health and your life. As a team, we will provide excellent dental care to you and every member of your family.
Contact address: 3720 Gosford Road, #C Bakersfield, CA 93309 and 9901 Hageman Road #900
Bakersfield, CA 93312
Villalon Ben Dss
They strive to help your child achieve and maintain excellent oral health that will last for a lifetime. Their goal is to provide the finest in pediatric dental care and orthodontics in an open, relaxed, and enjoyable atmosphere. This will result in a beautifully broad and healthy smile and teeth.
Contact address: 103 Fluor Daniel Dr, Sugar Land, TX 77478
Gretchen M. Jetton, DDS
Dr. Jetton is a 1997 Texas A&M graduate who attended dental school at the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston.
While studying for her doctorate, Dr. Jetton discovered that she has a special connection with her young patients.
Upon completion of dental school in 2002, Dr. Jetton immediately began her two-year residency and earned her certification in pediatric dentistry in 2004.
Dr. Jetton is a Diplomate of the American Board of Pediatric Dentistry (board certified) and is a current member of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, American Dental Association, Texas Dental Association, Houston Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, and the Greater Houston Dental Society.
Contact address: 17320 W Grand Pkwy S, Sugar Land, TX 77479, United States
Creative Smiles and Kidzone Dental
Pediatric dentists at Kidzone Dental provide comprehensive kid’s oral health care and always strive to give the best possible experience to their little patients.
Pediatric dentists make dentistry easier, more comfortable, and pleasant for the kid. They know how to examine and treat the child to ease his/her anxieties.
They not only take care of your kid’s teeth, gums, and mouth but also educate them on how to keep it clean & healthy.
So it will help the child to set up good oral health for a lifetime. Your child might face oral decay & other gum issues without proper dental care at the right time.
Contact address: 5819 Hwy 6 #210, Missouri City, TX 77459, United States
Sugar Land Modern Dentistry and Orthodontics
They offer endodontics, periodontics, orthodontics, oral surgery, and general dentistry for adults, children, teenagers, or adults with special needs including Cerebral Palsy, Down syndrome, autism, etc. Dr. Jacob Dent and the entire team are dedicated to providing you with outstanding care and the smile that you deserve.
Dr. Dent is proud to offer dental education, and resources to children, teenagers, and adults with special needs, using a mobile treatment cart, treatment bench, bean bag chairs, visual story aids, and a sensory room to accommodate individuals with various disabilities.
Contact address: 19984 Southwest Fwy Sugar Land, TX 77479.
Concerning the best pediatric dentist in Sugar Land Tx, feel free to drop your suggestion in the comment section or contact us for suggestions and improvement.
List of top pediatric dental services and terms
Orthodontics
White crowns
Frenectomy
Sedation dentistry
Laser dentistry
Space maintainers
Sealants
Nitrous
Hospital dentistry
Orthodontics
Orthodontics is a specialty of dentistry that deals with the diagnosis, prevention, and correction of deformities of teeth and jaws, and misaligned bite patterns. It can also focus on modifying facial growth, known as dentofacial orthopedics.
This procedure is one of the pediatric dentists in the sugar land area of specialization.
White crowns
A crown is an artificial restoration, often known as a ‘cap’ that fits over your natural tooth. A crown can be placed to help strengthen your tooth and restore a natural, full look of a tooth crown. Crowns can also be made with a post that fits into the root of a broken-down tooth to help avoid losing the tooth. Crowns are usually made from materials like resin or tooth-colored porcelain. They tend to be stain-resistant.
Frenectomy
Frenectomy in dentistry is a simple surgical procedure that involves the removal of one or both fronts from the mouth.
The frenum is a connective tissue membrane that attaches one surface within the mouth to another.
Sedation dentistry
Sedation dentistry refers to the use of pharmacological agents to calm and relax a patient prior to and during a dental appointment. The pharmacological agents usually belong to a class of drugs called sedatives, which exert their action by depressing the central nervous system, specifically those areas concerned with conscious awareness.
Laser dentistry
Lasers are used to remove decay within a tooth and prepare the surrounding enamel for receipt of the filling. Gum disease. Lasers are used to reshape gums and remove bacteria during root canal procedures
Space maintainers
Space maintainer an orthodontic appliance, fixed or removable, that maintains the space left by a prematurely lost tooth or space that will be filled by a tooth not yet erupted.
Sealants
Dental sealant is a thin, plastic coating painted on the chewing surfaces of teeth usually the back teeth (the premolars and molars) to prevent tooth decay. The sealant quickly bonds into the depressions and grooves of the teeth, forming a protective shield over the enamel of each tooth.
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide is a safe and effective sedative agent that is mixed with oxygen and inhaled through a small mask that fits over your nose to help you relax. Nitrous oxide sometimes called “laughing gas,” is one option your dentist may offer to help make you more comfortable during certain procedures.
Hospital dentistry
Hospital Dentistry is an area of dentistry that deals with the integration of medicine and dentistry. Given such, we provide comprehensive dental care on patients with medical conditions, psychiatric disorders, or physical limitations and necessitating dental care.
The best route on how to become a medical doctor in Canada is our priority in this article.
The right information about your medical journey in Canada is worthwhile that’s why we stand to give you an authentic route to follow.
In recent times, Canada has been a home for many healthy immigrants seeking a better life, and the encouraging earnings as medical personnel most especially, medical doctors are worthwhile.
Introduction to how to become a medical doctor in Canada
Medicine and surgery for decades have been everyone’s desire, although is said that nothing good comes easy and applies to this.
Becoming a medical doctor in Canada is a demanding and rigorous process. That’s why we are interested in giving you the best information on how to become a medical doctor in Canada.
It takes a sound mind, focus, determination, passion, and patience to sail through these processes involved in how to become a doctor in Canada.
Oftentimes, the quest for a better life becomes unquenchable especially for medical practitioners since a lot is required of them. Moreover, countries like Canada are assumed to have favorable work conditions.
Canada in recent times is the destination for many immigrants including medical and health professionals in search of greener pastures, having in mind the unlimited opportunities in the country.
For medical doctors trained outside any of the provinces in Canada, but have the zeal to practice in Canada, you are alone this article is for you. Here we will break down the essential things you need to know if you intend to practice in Canada as a physician.
For decades most doctors have been on that track you want to follow or intend to follow in the future, a lot of things are required ranging from numerous exams and monetary aspects.
Stages involved on how to become a medical doctor in Canada
The processes can be taken back to high school where you choose the path to follow. Below is the breakdown of the steps to follow on the journey to becoming a medical doctor in Canada.
Get your high school certificate
Get Your University Degree
Go to any accredited Medical School of your choice
Pass Your Licensing Exam
Complete Your Residency
Get your high school certificate to initiate the process on How to become a medical doctor in Canada
According to Edu Canada, High school in Canada also known as secondary school, runs from grades 9 to 12 in most Canadian provinces and territories, except Quebec, which starts in grade 7 and ends in grade 12.
This is a crucial stage on your journey on how to become a medical doctor in Canada.
After successfully completing high school at age 17 or 18, students can go on to college or university depending on the area of interest whether science, arts, or other areas, but for one that has an interest in the medical line a basic science knowledge is a prerequisite.
Get Your University Degree
As earlier mentioned, being certified as a medical doctor in Canada is a gradual process like other medical and health-related courses.
Obtaining a degree from an accredited Canadian university is a crucial step that qualifies you for medical school. Your degree (Bachelor of Science) must be health or medical-related to be eligible to apply for admission into a medical school in Canada.
Go to any accredited Medical School of your choice which is an important stage on How to become a medical doctor in Canada
There are 17 medical schools in Canada from which to choose, but most will require that you are a resident of the same province in order to attend.
It is a good idea to contact the school of your choice to obtain its specific requirements for admission, as well.
Many medical schools across the country will require you to sit for and pass the MCAT (Medical College Admission Test).
MCAT is a computer-based standardized examination administered by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) for prospective medical students in Canada, the USA, and the Caribbean Islands.
This exam is essential for multi problem-solving, critical thinking, written analysis, and knowledge of scientific concepts and evaluations.
In 2006, MCAT was a paper-and-pencil test; since 2007, all administrations of the exam have been computer-based tests giving a more efficient and fast result.
The most recent version of the exam was introduced in April 2015 and takes 7.5 hours to complete. The test is scored in a range from 472 to 528.
Note
The 17 medical schools in Canada give one variation in choosing a school of choice. And is essential to note that there are different requirements for admission to each school although some are the same.
So is of utmost importance to contact the school of choice before applying so as to know the specific and general requirements inclusion of eligibility.
Most schools will require you to sit for the MCAT (Medical College Admission Test), which gives one a better ground in gaining admission into any of the institutions.
It is easier than ever to apply for medical schools in Canada thanks to standardized online application systems. This step is very essential in the journey how to becoming a medical doctor in Canada.
Having enticing university grades and jaw-dropping credentials will give you a better opportunity to gain admission since the process is quite a competitive one.
Medical school lasts four years; the first two take place in more of a classroom and lab environment, and the last two incorporate clinical, where you work with patients under the supervision of a licensed doctor
Pass Your Licensing Exam
The completion of your medical school will qualify you to take the licensing exam which qualifies you as a physician in Canada.
This exam, called the Medical Council of Canada Evaluating Examination (MCCEE) is one of the challenging exams to take in the licensing test for qualification to be licensed.
Complete Your Residency
this really is last but not the least as a physician grows in one specialty he/she might be interested in exploring other health or medical specialties.
After passing your licensing exam, you become qualified for residency as a resident doctor.
The goal is to gain experience in the medical field for the two years of residency, although the year exceeds two depending on your specialty.
Summary of how to become a medical doctor in Canada
Get your high school certificate to initiate the process
Get Your University Degree
Go to any accredited Medical School of your choice
Pass Your Licensing Exam
Complete Your Residency
Steps on how to become a doctor in Canada from another country
Is no doubt that nothing good comes easy and this race is not an exemption a lot of sacrifices and hard work are required.
STEP 1. On how to become a doctor in Canada from another country
Verification of your medical degree or certificate recognition
This is the first but the easiest to do, you only need to confirm if the institution you attended is of international recognition and standard.
That is why is advisable to attend accredited medical schools of global standard to avoid being frustrated in situations like this.
To verify your medical degree visit the world directory of medical schools enter in detail, your qualifications from the name of the institution you attended to the country, and search on the web platform.
You know your institution is an accepted medical institution if it shows up in the results. After that, you will proceed to the next step.
The mission of the World Directory of Medical Schools is to list all of the medical schools in the world, with accurate, up-to-date, and comprehensive information on each school.
From the image above you can say you have a positive result.
STEP 2. On how to become a doctor in Canada from another country
Proceed with the online application
Here you are required to apply via physicianapply.ca follow the instructions and get registered. If on the platform you qualify for the next step which is registered for your (medical council of Canada Qualification examination) MCCQE or Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada.
Don’t be discouraged, it is normal to pay a fee in this step, some of the fees fall under the range below:
Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination (MCCQE) Part I
Application fee
$1,305
Examination withdrawal fee
$653
Eligibility window extension – Administrative fee
$97
Score recheck fee
$251
Appeal fee
$1,000
STEP 3. On how to become a doctor in Canada from another
Submit your medical credentials for verification and approval
After you might have paid the required fee and the verification of your credentials becomes successful, you become eligible to take the MCC exam.
STEP 4. On how to become a doctor in Canada from another country
Take the medical council of Canada qualification examination (MCCQE)
MCCQE is a very vital screening test in your journey of practicing in Canada as a foreign-trained physician. This exam is divided into two distinct phases
Phase 1
Phase 2
You can take the phase 1 MCCQE online from your country, once you come out successful in the examination, you can start preparing for your travel documents which in some cases the exam result will be required as part of your credentials.
On getting to Canada as a doctor, the ball is in your court to decide which route to follow depending on your career goals, because you will have a broader ground of opportunities.
Below are some of the things to do once you arrived in Canada in this article; How to become a doctor in Canada from another country.
Take the National Assessment Collaboration (NAC) Examination
NAC is an essential examination to apply for a residency position in Canada, international medical physicians need to pass the National Assessment Collaboration Examination to be on a favorable side.
Take the MCCQE phase 2 examinations
If your career goal is to start practicing as a physician in Canada, the second phase of MCCQE is for you.
Although passing this exam does not guarantee an automatic license for practicing in Canada. The medical regulatory authorities in the province you intend to practice will also consider your application before the license is issued.
This exam is compulsory for both foreign-trained and Canadian doctors
After passing the MCCQE Part I, you must submit acceptable proof of postgraduate clinical medical training before applying to Part II.
Although, when you must have passed the MCCQE Part II and meet all other MCC requirements, you will be awarded the Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada.
After this rigorous process and you finally get a license to practice
CONGRATULATIONS
consider Joining a practice-ready assessment (PRA) program
If you are looking to get a provisional license so you can begin independent practice, a practice-ready assessment (PRA) program is a clever approach.
Available in several provinces, this kind of program is designed for internationally trained physicians who have pursued postgraduate clinical medical training abroad.
In this article on the best route on how to become a medical doctor in Canada, you are strongly advised to make good use of this quality write-up and also make your individual research to know the specific requirements of the medical school of your choice.
This will equip you better in making a choice in your medical journey.
The types of Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are ill-health conditions passed from one person to another through sexual activities.
You can contract an STD by having unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an infected person.
An STD has also been labeled a sexually transmitted infection (STI) or venereal disease (VD). Depending on the specific STD, infections may also be transmitted through other routes asides from sexual activities like breastfeeding and an unhygienic environment.
HIV has other routes of transmission. For example, this STI can spread through the use of unsterilized drug needles.
Some STIs are benign, but others can lead to severe complications if the infected person does not seek treatment.
Introduction to the types of sexually transmitted diseases
Anyone can contract an STI, regardless of his or her sexual orientation and hygiene standards. Many STIs can transmit through non-penetrative sexual activity.
If you have one STI, it can often increase your chances of contracting another. Some STIs can also lead to severe consequences if left untreated. In rare cases, untreated STDs may even be fatal.
Fortunately, most STDs can be treated and be cured totally. Is essential to note that early and effective treatment can help relieve symptoms, lower your risk of complications, and protect sexual partners.
Symptoms of types of sexually transmitted diseases
Headaches
Difficulty swallowing
Discharge
Fever
Night sweats
Fatigue/weakness
Appetite loss
Weight loss
Chronic diarrhea
Nausea/vomiting
Itchy, rashy skin/skin lesions
Chronic coughing
Restlessness
Confusion/delirium
Difficulty breathing
Is essential to note that different sexually transmitted infections present different symptoms and there may be variations in gender
Syphilis is among the types of sexually transmitted diseases however, it is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum which slips into the bloodstream and is eventually sent to organs outside the reproductive tract. It often goes unnoticed in its early stages.
The first symptom to appear is a small round sore, known as a chancre. Since syphilis chancres aren’t painful and typically heal within four to six weeks, most boys don’t see a doctor. They assume the mysterious sore is gone for good, but one-third of men and women exposed to primary syphilis progress to a secondary infection
This sexually transmitted disease can develop on your genitals, anus, or mouth. It’s painless but very infectious.
Later symptoms of syphilis can include:
rash
fatigue
fever
headaches
joint pain
weight loss
hair loss
If left untreated, late-stage syphilis can lead to:
loss of vision
loss of hearing
loss of memory
mental illness
infections of the brain or spinal cord
heart disease
death
Fortunately, if caught early enough, syphilis is easily treated with antibiotics. However, syphilis infection in a newborn can be fatal. That’s why it’s important for all pregnant women to be screened for syphilis.
The earlier syphilis is diagnosed and treated, the less damage it does.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
HIV can damage the immune system and raise the risk of contracting other viruses or bacteria and certain cancers. If left untreated, it can lead to stage 3 HIV, known as AIDS. But with today’s treatment, many people living with HIV don’t ever develop AIDS when proper medications are taken.
AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is spread through unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person or through using a contaminated needle to inject drugs. It is also among the known different types of sexually transmitted diseases.
It can also be spread through intravenous drug use and much less commonly, blood, blood products, needles, or other sharp instruments contaminated with infected body fluids or blood.
In the early or acute stages, it’s easy to mistake the symptoms of HIV with those of the flu. For example, the early symptoms can include:
fever
chills
aches and pains
swollen lymph nodes
sore throat
headache
nausea
rashes
These initial symptoms are typically clear within a month or so. From that point onward, a person can carry HIV without developing serious or persistent symptoms for many years. Other people may develop nonspecific symptoms, such as:
recurrent fatigue
fevers
headaches
stomach issues
HIV is one of the deadliest sexually transmitted diseases because there’s no cure for it yet. Although, treatment options are available to manage it. Early and effective treatment can help people with HIV live as long as those without HIV.
Proper treatment can also lower your chances of transmitting HIV to a sexual partner. In fact, treatment can potentially lower the amount of HIV in your body to undetectable levels.
With recent advancements in testing and treatment, it’s possible to live a long and healthy life with HIV.
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea usually begins in the urethra (bladder opening) or the cervix. However, the rapidly proliferating Neisseria gonorrhoea bacterium is the pathogen that causes gonorrhea. It can migrate to the uterus and the fallopian tubes, giving rise to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). The infection, like chlamydia, may also involve the rectum. It is also known as “the clap.”
Many people with gonorrhea develop no symptoms. But when present, symptoms may include:
a white, yellow, beige, or green-colored discharge from the penis or vagina
pain or discomfort during sex or urination
more frequent urination than usual
itching around the genitals
sore throat
If left untreated, gonorrhea can lead to:
infections of the urethra, prostate gland, or testicles
pelvic inflammatory disease
infertility
Symptoms typically occur two to ten days after exposure.
Men:
Penile discharge
Mild to a severe burning sensation when urinating
Can progress to epididymitis
Women:
Painful or burning sensation when urinating and/or yellow or bloody vaginal discharge
Abdominal pain
Bleeding between menstrual periods
Vomiting
Fever
Progression to pelvic inflammatory disease
Rectal Infection:
Anal discharge
Anal itching
Painful bowel movements
It’s possible for a mother to pass gonorrhea onto a newborn during childbirth. When that happens, gonorrhea can cause serious health problems in the baby. That’s why many doctors encourage pregnant women to get tested and treated for potential STDs.
Herpes
Among the types of sexually transmitted diseases is Genital herpes. It is also commonly called “herpes,” is a viral infection by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). It is transmitted through intimate contact with the mucous-covered linings of the mouth or the vagina or the genital skin.
The virus enters the linings or skin through microscopic tears. Once inside, the virus travels to the nerve roots near the spinal cord and settles there permanently.
When an infected person has a herpes outbreak, the virus travels down the nerve fibers to the site of the original infection. When it reaches the skin, the typical redness and blisters occur. After the initial outbreak, subsequent outbreaks tend to be sporadic. They may occur weekly or even years apart.
Two types of herpes viruses are associated with genital lesions: herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2).
HSV-1 more often causes blisters of the mouth area while HSV-2 more often causes genital sores or lesions in the area around the anus.
The outbreak of herpes is closely related to the functioning of the immune system. Women who have suppressed immune systems, because of stress, infection, or medications, have more frequent and longer-lasting outbreaks.
Genital herpes is spread only by direct person-to-person contact. It is believed that a majority of sexually active adults carry the herpes virus.
Symptoms of genital herpes
Once exposed to the virus, there is an incubation period that generally lasts 3 to 7 days before a lesion develops. During this time, there are no symptoms and the virus cannot be transmitted to others. An outbreak usually begins within two weeks of initial infection and manifests as an itching or tingling sensation followed by redness of the skin.
Finally, a blister forms. The blisters and subsequent ulcers that form when the blisters break are usually very painful to touch and may last from 7 days to 2 weeks.
HPV (human papillomavirus)
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus that can be passed from one person to another through intimate skin-to-skin or sexual contact. There are many different strains of the virus. Some are more dangerous than others. Nearly every sexually active person will have HPV at some point.
Most types of HPV have no symptoms and cause no harm, and your body gets rid of them on its own. But some of them cause genital warts.
Others infect the mouth and throat. Still, others can cause cancer of the cervix, penis, mouth, or throat.
The CDC recommends young women and men ages 11 to 26 get vaccinated for HPV. Since there’s no treatment for HPV.
A Pap smear can show most cervical cancers caused by HPV early on. HPV is also among the types of sexually transmitted diseases.
Chlamydia
Chlamydia results from an infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. It is a common infection that can spread through anal, vaginal, and oral sex. A pregnant woman can also transmit it to the baby during delivery.
It can infect the urethra (bladder opening) and cervix (uterus opening). It is common in youngsters aged fifteen to nineteen. It is known to be the most prevalent bacterial STI in the United States.
chlamydia does not usually produce symptoms, but it can result in infertility and other complications if a person does not receive treatment for it. The disease is easily treated, but like other sexually transmitted infections, chlamydia tends to be silent and therefore go undiagnosed until it becomes more serious than in its early stages
If symptoms do occur, they may include a change in vaginal discharge and burning pain during urination.
Chlamydia which is among the types of sexually transmitted diseases, can also affect the rectum, if the infection occurs as a result of anal sex or if the infection spreads from another area. This can lead to:
rectal pain
rectal bleeding
rectal discharge
In those who do develop symptoms, these will usually appear 7–21 days after exposure to the bacterium.
Scabies among the types of sexually transmitted diseases
Oftentimes people of all races and backgrounds are affected by the infestation of sarcoptes scabiei mite, as well as the human itch mite worldwide, this infestation is generally known as scabies.
Sarcoptes scabiei, falls under the class of Arachnida and infect both human and animal at varying degrees.
In humans, the availability of mites will determine how contagious the infestation will be.
for instance, incrusted or Norwegian scabies {because it was first analyzed in Norway} is highly contagious due to thousands of these microscopic mites present. The availability of these mites is because of a compromised immune system like in the case of HIV/AIDS.
Crabs, or pubic lice
Pediculosis pubis is an infection of the genital area caused by the crab louse (Phthirus pubis).
The lice (commonly called crabs) are small bugs that are visible to the naked eye without the aid of a magnifying glass or microscope. Crabs, or pubic lice, usually attach to pubic hair. Sometimes, however, they can affect the hair in the armpits, mustache, beard, eyelashes, or eyebrows.
The treatment for pubic lice is usually with a 1% cream rinse of permethrin that is applied to the affected area and washed off after 10 minutes.
The first stage in the life cycle will be the appearance of the eggs, which lasts 6–10 days. After hatching, the lice will look like tiny crabs. They need blood to survive and will live for around 2–3 weeks. In the last day or two, the females will lay more eggs, and the cycle will continue.
Pubic lice can spread from person to person during close physical contact, including sexual contact. They can also transmit via shared towels or bed linen like in the case of scabies.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is among the types of sexually transmitted diseases rated as a major global health problem. It can cause chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer.
A safe and effective vaccine that offers 98-100% protection against hepatitis B is available. Preventing hepatitis B infection averts the development of complications including the development of chronic disease and liver cancer.
Once a person has the virus, it can remain in their semen, blood, and other bodily fluids.
Transmission is possible through:
sexual contact
using nonsterile equipment for injections
puncturing the skin with a sharp object where the virus is present
it can also be congenital although, as long as the nipples are not cracked, the risk of transmitting the virus through breast milk is negligible, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Trichomoniasis
Trichomoniasis, or trich, is caused by Trichomonas vaginalis it can affect both males and females, but females are more likely to experience symptoms
More women than men get trichomoniasis, which is caused by this tiny parasite.
Men and women can give it to each other through penis-vagina contact. Women can give it to each other when their genital areas touch.
In females, it is most likely to affect the vagina. In males, the infection can develop in the urethra.
Symptoms of trichomoniasis may include itching, burning, or sore genitals. You might also see a smelly, clear, white, yellowish, or greenish discharge. Others may include
pain during urination
pain during ejaculation
pain or discomfort during sex
Trich can also lead to pregnancy complications and increase the risk of both contracting and transmitting HIV.
These types of Sexually transmitted diseases are not to be neglected. If you think you have been exposed do well to see a physician.
Different pathogens bring about different types of sexually transmitted diseases is ideal you always take preventive and precautionary measures.
The best hospitals in Bahrain are worth knowing and in this article, we are going to unveil the amazing things that make these hospitals outstanding.
Health must be cared for at all costs and with proper medical and health equipment, you get the best of every hospital when accompanied by devoted health personnel.
There are many hospitals in Bahrain however, the ones that we choose as the best have outstanding potentials which is seen in the manner they handle cases and the level of patient satisfaction.
Everyone desires better health and knowing where you will be guided properly and professionally to obtain a certain height of ideal living is essential.
Having a place you trust and can run to in case of health emergencies and other health-related issues is also a clever approach.
If you are in Bahrain or an expatriate in Bahrain, you are among the lucky ones who come across this article on the best hospitals in Bahrain.
Introduction to the best hospitals in Bahrain
The knowledge about the best hospitals in Bahrain is worthwhile and everybody’s desire because one of the greatest things one needs to take care of is health. A good hospital will make this desire seamless.
Having a hospital that can properly diagnose, counsel, and treat you is a blessing that most people neglect and if you find one be thankful.
This article on the best hospitals in Bahrain is precipitated by people’s curiosity to know where they would be properly taken care of and that medical cases are handled with utmost carefulness and professionalism.
If you are among those curious ones and you are reading this, we say congratulations because we have the perfect answer on the best hospitals in Bahrain.
Best hospitals in Bahrain
Below is the list of the best hospitals in Bahrain; the list includes public and private hospitals with sophisticated medical equipment, devoted health and medical practitioners, and outstanding reviews from patients.
All hospitals listed among the best hospitals in Bahrain are accredited by the National Health Regulatory Authority (NHRA), an independent regulatory body established in 2010
Royal Bahrain Hospital
Bahrain Specialist Hospital
International Hospital of Bahrain
KIMS Bahrain Medical Centre
American Mission Hospital
Salmaniya Medical Complex
King Hamad University Hospital
Al Kindi Specialised Hospital
Bahrain Defence Force (BDF) Hospital
Al Hilal Hospital
Royal Bahrain Hospital
Royal Bahrain Hospital is a 70-bed hospital that delivers state-of-the-art medical care having a devoted professional team of health and medical practitioners with high-end facilities and equipment from abroad. Furthermore, the hospital has a modern Hospital Information System (HIS), which connects our medical institutions together and allows operations to be digital.
In addition, Royal Bahrain Hospital and RBH Medical Center have raised the bar in healthcare quality standards by achieving the Diamond Status in the NHRA (National Health Regulatory Authority) Accreditation making it one of the best hospitals in Bahrain.
The Diamond Status is the highest level of accreditation that is awarded by the NHRA. With this accreditation, both RBH and RBHMC have become the first hospitals and Medical centers, respectively in the Kingdom to achieve this Quality milestone.
This accreditation demonstrates the organization’s commitment to the people of Bahrain and the region in providing the highest quality of healthcare.
The main attribute of quality comes from the KIMS group. As Royal Bahrain Hospital is the fifth healthcare institution of the KIMS group in the gulf region, patients can expect a high level of quality care and expertise to be provided within RBH.
Address: 29, Manama, Bahrain
Bahrain Specialist Hospital
Bahrain Specialist Hospital was inaugurated on Wednesday the 26th of February, 2003 Under the patronage of His Majesty King Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa The King of the Kingdom of Bahrain.
It is one of the best hospitals in the Arabian Gulf with a highly specialized Medical Center that provides up-to-date medical services by experienced Consultants and Specialists, using the latest technologies.
It is the first hospital in Bahrain that availed the Joint Commission International accreditation (JCI) and the only private healthcare facility that was inaugurated by HM King Hamad Bin Salman Al Khalifa, the ruler of Bahrain.
Bahrain Specialist Hospital is committed to providing healthcare of the highest standards with honesty and fairness; upholding and respecting the rights, beliefs, safety, and need for confidentiality of the patients, staff, and visitors.
Address: Rd No 2447, Manama, Bahrain
International Hospital of Bahrain
The International Hospital of Bahrain is the kingdom´s first private medical center. It was dedicated to the service of the Community and is proud to have received its support since 1978.
It offers a wide range of services and Specialties which include Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive and IVF Centre, Dental and Orthodontics, Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, Bariatric Medicine, Neonatology and Paediatrics, Ophthalmology, ENT, General Surgery, Physiotherapy, Urology, Orthopaedics, Cardiology, Neurology, Nephrology, Psychiatry, Plastic Surgery, and Dermatology.
And also, a 24-hour Accident and Emergency Department and a Pharmacy complement its services.
Address: Budaiya Hwy, Jidhafs, Bahrain
KIMS Bahrain Medical Centre
KIMSHEALTH Bahrain Medical Centre (KBMC) is the first private venture in Bahrain, which began its operations in 2004. It is one of the best hospitals in Bahrain.
KBMC has three institutions in Bahrain located at Umm Al Hassam and the recently opened one Muharraq. KBMC is a multi-specialty outpatient center with diagnostic facilities and a pharmacy which has gained instant popularity due to the accessibility, affordability, and quality of service.
Launched in May 2019, KBMC Muharraq has specialties such as – Internal Medicine, Gynecology, Pediatrics, Orthopedics, ENT, General Surgery, Ophthalmology, Dental, and General Medicine. Our services also include Physiotherapy, Laboratory, Radiology, and Pharmacy.
KBMC belongs to the India-based KIMSHEALTH Group, which already has a strong foothold in Southern India.
The Group has a total of 18 institutions in India and the Gulf comprising hospitals and medical centers. In GCC, KIMSHEALTH has its presence in Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Oman, and UAE.
Address: Rd No 3709, Manama, Bahrain
American Mission Hospital
American Mission Hospital (AMH) is the first and the oldest medical facility not only in Bahrain but perhaps all across the Arabian Gulf.
It is also the youngest when it comes to the way it embraces and adapts to the latest advances in the field of medical technology.
When the facility first opened its doors to the Bahraini community in 1903, it was called the Mason Memorial Hospital. It was the first choice, if not the only choice until formal government healthcare facilities opened up sometime around the 1940s.
From acquiring the first X-ray machine in the entire region in the 1940s to now constructing the most eco-friendly state-of-the-art hospital which is set to open in 2022; AMH continues to be at the forefront of the medical field using human expertise and the latest scientific technology to benefit patients.
As the only not-for-profit private hospital here for nearly 120 years, it continues to offer high-quality, affordable, healthcare to the people of Bahrain and is one of the best hospitals in Bahrain.
Address: Manama, Bahrain
Salmaniya Medical Complex
Salmaniya Medical Complex is a public hospital established in 1957 and has a bed capacity of approximately 1,200 beds; it is the largest tertiary hospital in the country and one of the best hospitals in Bahrain.
The hospital receives an average of 900-1000 patients a day and employs more than 2,000 physicians, nurses, and workers and its emergency department receive more than 300,000 patients per year.
Address: Rd No 2904, Manama, Bahrain
King Hamad University Hospital
King Hamad University Hospital (KHUH) was established by Royal Decree No. 31 of 2010, which stated that the Hospital will be affiliated with the Bahrain Defense Force,
President of the Supreme Council for Health supervised its affairs in conjunction with the General Command of the Bahrain Defense Force, led by Major General (Dr.) Shaikh Salman Bin Ateyatalla Al Khalifa, King Hamad University Hospital Chief Executive Officer, and administered by an executive team who managed the project until the official opening day.
It has a capacity of about 311 beds and 1952 employees. This medical facility is one hundred and twenty-seven thousand square meters, characterized by its prestigious and elegant design. It is no doubt among the best hospitals in Bahrain.
Address: Shaikh Isa Bin Salman Causeway, Al Sayh, Bahrain
Al Kindi Specialised Hospital
Al Kindi Hospital has focused its efforts on developing people-orientated services that enrich the quality of life and strengthen our community and was established in 2008.
They have more than 22 specialties under one roof with a group of renowned Consultants and Specialists working as a team. The hospital is proud to be accredited by JCI (Joint Commission International) and NHRA (National Health Regulatory Authority).
The hospital is fully equipped to deliver excellent medical, surgical and extensive inpatient and outpatient high-standard services in a warm and friendly environment.
Address: Building 960، Hwy 35, Manama 330, Bahrain
Bahrain Defence Force (BDF) Hospital
The Bahrain Defence Force Royal Medical Services (BDF-RMS) commenced in 1968 as a small clinic. In 1979 it grew from a small operation into a 120-bed hospital.
They have since continuously grown and expanded our services, becoming the second-largest hospital in Bahrain with 481 beds to date.
The three 3 major components of the BDF-RMS include; The Military Hospital, Sheikh Mohammed Bin Khalifa Al-Khalifa Cardiac Center, and the Field Military Battalion.
Address: Bahrain Defence Force Hospital Main Building, Riffa, Bahrain
Al Hilal Hospital
Al Hilal Hospital Company was established on 16th November 2005 with the objective of providing quality healthcare at an affordable price.
The Hospital is a Secondary Level Healthcare Provider with a range of specialties and Out-Patient and In-Patient Facilities. It is one of the best hospitals in Bahrain.
Address: Al Hilal Hospital، Rd No 1129, Muharraq 202, Bahrain
Conclusion on the best hospitals in Bahrain
The best hospitals in Bahrain on our list are all accredited and are worth visiting. Follow the links provided on each of the hospitals for individual research and know a suitable one for you.
We are open to modification and suggestions kindly write to us if you feel we are missing any hospital that qualifies to be on the list of the best hospitals in Bahrain.
It is equally essential you note that these hospitals are in no specific order of ranking.
Let’s take a look t the pathophysiology of HIV and the important facts to learn.
The human immunodeficiency virus mostly regarded as HIV is a viral disease that attacks the immune system, which is the body’s security against foreign bodies.
In the pathophysiology of HIV, we will understand how untreated HIV infects and kills CD4 cells, making the body prone to other diseases.
Introduction to the pathophysiology of HIV
Before the introduction of antiretroviral drugs, HIV is a nightmare to the world and has led over 30 million people to an early grave.
This pathogen is spread by contact with certain bodily fluids of a person infected with HIV, most commonly during unprotected sex.
Routes of HIV transmission in the pathophysiology of HIV
blood
semen
vaginal and rectal fluids
breast milk
Stages of HIV infection
In the pathophysiology of HIV, there are three distinct stages involved namely:
In the early stage of HIV, infected People have a large amount of this virus in circulation in their blood and thus are very contagious.
Although, flu-like symptoms may be experienced in some people which is the body’s natural response to the virus.
In most cases, such symptoms are usually neglected and some people remain asymptomatic (no symptom) unless diagnosed.
This early or 1st stage is followed by the chronic HIV infection stage which can also be regarded as clinical latency. Here, HIV is still active but reproduces at very low levels and most people remain asymptomatic during this stage.
The chronic HIV infection period may last a decade or longer (10 years or more), but some may progress faster. That is why is of utmost importance you get tested at frequent times.
At the end of this stage, the amount of HIV in the blood (called viral load) goes up and the CD4 cell count goes down.
The person may have symptoms as the virus levels increase in the body, and the person moves into 3rd stage which is the detrimental stage.
Although the good news is if you follow the guidelines as approved by WHO that will be given to you in this article “pathophysiology of HIV” you can never progress to this detrimental stage called AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
This 3rd stage is the most severe stage of HIV infection. People with AIDS have such badly damaged immune systems that they get an increasing number of severe illnesses, called opportunistic infections regardless of their CD4 count.
Here, the number of their CD4 cells falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood (200 cells/mm3). (In someone with a healthy immune system, CD4 counts are between 500 and 1,600 cells/mm3.) OR
Without HIV medicine, people with AIDS typically survive about 3 years. Once someone has a dangerous opportunistic illness, life expectancy without treatment falls to about 1 year.
HIV medicine can still help people at this stage of HIV infection, and it can even be lifesaving. But people who start ART soon after they get HIV to experience more benefits—that’s why HIV testing is so important and can never be over-emphasized.
Pathophysiology of HIV and Symptoms
The symptoms of HIV and AIDS vary, depending on the stage of infection.
1st stage (Acute HIV Infection)
The acute HIV infection may present symptoms for a few weeks which can be so mild that you might not even notice them. They may include:
Fever
Headache
Muscle aches and joint pain
Rash
Sore throat and painful mouth sores
Swollen lymph glands, mainly on the neck
Diarrhea
Weight loss
Cough
Night sweats
In the 2nd stage of infection,
HIV is still present in the body and in white blood cells. However, many people may not have any symptoms of infection during this time.
This stage can last for many years if you are not receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Although if symptoms are available they will be similar to that of the acute stage.
The 3rd stage AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
Untreated, HIV typically turns into AIDS in about a decade or more
The signs and symptoms of some of these infections may include:
Sweats
Chills
Recurring fever
Chronic diarrhea
Swollen lymph glands
Persistent white spots or unusual lesions on your tongue or in your mouth
One is at the greatest risk of contracting HIV if you:
Are promiscuous, Use a new latex or polyurethane condom every time you have sex. Anal sex is riskier than is vaginal sex. Your risk of HIV increases if you have multiple sexual partners.
Infected with an STD Many STDs produce open sores on your genitals. These sores act as doorways for HIV to enter your body.
Use IV drugs People who use IV drugs often share needles and syringes. This exposes them to droplets of other people’s blood.
Pathophysiology of HIV
Viruses generally are nonliving thus, cannot replicate without a host, and can only do so inside a living cell. Considering the viral structure, viruses lack the complex components present in bacterial or human cells, so HIV is not an exemption.
One similarity between a virus to bacterium and a human is that they possess genetic material that contains all the information needed to build and maintain an organism.
In humans and bacteria, this is called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), whereas in viruses such as HIV, genetic data is organized into single strands; this is called ribonucleic acid (RNA) which is protected by capsid.
Outside the capsid are enzymes the virus uses to infect its host and replicate. These structures are surrounded by an envelope comprising glycoproteins, which help the virus identify and bind to its target cell.
After the virus enters the body, there is a period of rapid viral replication, leading to an abundance of viruses in the peripheral blood.
During primary infection, the level of HIV may reach several million virus particles per milliliter of blood.
The human immune system has many vital cells that fight infection and destroy abnormal cells; this includes lymphocytes called T-cells, which determine the immune system’s response to foreign antigens.
HIV targets and infects a particular type of T-cell called CD4 ‘helper’ cells. These are so-called because they do not kill or neutralize foreign antigens but, instead, signal and recruit other immune cells to do so.
The virus mars the function of the CD4 cells, turning them into factories that produce multiple new copies of the virus.
Once infected, CD4 cells develop a much shorter lifespan and are eventually destroyed. The cytotoxic T cells account for CD4+ T cell depletion, although apoptosis may also be a factor.
The CD8+ T cell is also an essential antibody in the pathophysiology of HIV. Its response is thought to be important in controlling virus levels.
During the chronic phase, the consequences of generalized immune activation coupled with the gradual loss of the ability of the immune system to generate new T cells appear to account for the slow decline in CD4+ T cell numbers.
Summary of how HIV invades the CD4 cells in the pathophysiology of HIV
Here are the essential things to note;
Binding and entry –
The virus seeks out the CD4 cell and attaches itself to receptors on the cell’s outer membrane, it then fuses itself to the cell and releases viral RNA and enzymes into it
Reverse transcription –
The virus converts its single-stranded viral RNA into double-stranded DNA using an enzyme called reverse transcriptase
Integration –
The virus integrates its newly created viral DNA into the CD4 cell’s nucleus using an enzyme called integrase; by integrating its genetic instructions, it invades the CD4 cell
Replication –
The CD4 cell starts to build new copies of the virus; this process can sometimes be clumsy, causing mutations and variations in the new virions
Budding and maturation –
The new HIV virions migrate towards the outer membrane of the CD4 cell. An enzyme called protease helps convert immature virions into mature, infectious virions.
They then push themselves out of the cell, which is called budding, and seek out other CD4 cells to repeat the process
A vigorous immune response eventually controls the infection and initiates the 2nd stage or clinically latent phase or chronic HIV infection.
However, CD4+ T cells in mucosal tissues remain depleted throughout the infection, although enough remain to initially ward off life-threatening infections.
Continuous HIV replication results in a state of generalized immune activation persisting throughout the chronic phase.
Immune activation, which is reflected by the increased activation state of immune cells and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, results from the activity of several HIV gene products and the immune response to ongoing HIV replication.
Another cause is the breakdown of the immune surveillance system of the mucosal barrier caused by the depletion of mucosal CD4+ T cells during the acute phase of the disease.
This results in the systemic exposure of the immune system to microbial components of the gut’s normal flora, which is a healthy person is kept in check by the mucosal immune system.
Eventually, the minimal number of CD4+ T cells necessary to maintain a sufficient immune response is lost, leading to AIDS.
The virus, entering through any route, acts primarily on the following cells:
See below;
Lymphoreticular system-
CD4+ T-Helper cells(main target cell)
Macrophages
Monocytes
Certain endothelial cells-
Central nervous system-
Microgliaof the nervous system
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Neurons– indirectly by the action of cytokines and the gp-120
Prevention of HIV in the pathophysiology of HIV
There is no vaccine to prevent HIV infection and no cure for AIDS. But you can protect yourself and others from infection through:
Use treatment as prevention (TasP)
If you’re living with HIV, taking HIV medication can keep your partner from becoming infected with the virus. Using TasP means taking your medication exactly as prescribed and getting regular checkups.
Consider post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) if you’ve been exposed to HIV
If you think you’ve been exposed to the VIRUS, Taking PEP as soon as possible within the first 72 hours can greatly reduce your risk of becoming infected with HIV. You will need to take medication for 28 days.
Use a new condom every time you have sex
Use a new condom every time you have anal or vaginal sex. Women can use a female condom
Consider pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
The combination drugs emtricitabine plus tenofovir (Truvada) and emtricitabine plus tenofovir alafenamide (Descovy) can reduce the risk of sexually transmitted HIV infection in people at very high risk.
Tell your sexual partners if you have HIV
It’s important to tell all your current and past sexual partners that you’re HIV-positive. They’ll need to be tested.
Use a clean needle
If you use a needle to inject drugs, make sure it’s sterile and don’t share it.
If you are pregnant, get medical care right away
If you are HIV-positive, you may pass the infection to your baby. But if you receive treatment during pregnancy, you can significantly cut your baby’s risk.
Consider male circumcision
There’s evidence that male circumcision can help reduce the risk of getting HIV infection.
Diagnoses of HIV in the pathophysiology of HIV
See below;
Antibody/antigen tests
Antibody/antigen tests are the most commonly used tests. They can show positive results typically within 18–45 days after someone initially contracts HIV.
Antibody tests
These tests check the blood solely for antibodies. Between 23 and 90 days after transmission, most people will develop detectable HIV antibodies, which can be found in the blood or saliva.
Other antibody tests can be done at home:
OraQuick HIV Test. An oral swab provides results in as little as 20 minutes.
Home Access HIV-1 Test System. After the person pricks their finger, they send a blood sample to a licensed laboratory. They can remain anonymous and call for results the next business day.
Nucleic acid test (NAT)
This expensive test isn’t used for general screening, it is for people who have early symptoms of HIV or have a known risk factor. This test looks for the virus itself. It takes from 5 to 21 days for HIV to be detectable in the blood.
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