Tag: sexually

The knowledge about the Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases remains of utmost importance since it is easier to prevent than to cure.

In today’s article, I elaborated on the need to adopt this approach of prevention and other essential things you need to know about sexually transmitted diseases.

Preventing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), involves behaviors, medical practices, and public health strategies that can reduce the risk of spreading or contracting these diseases.

Kindly sit tight and read to the very last dot of this eye-opening content on the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.

FAQs on the Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases

See below for the answers you have been looking for;

Are STDs contacted or contracted?

The correct term is “contracted.” When someone is infected with a sexually transmitted disease (STD), we say that they have “contracted” an STD. The word “contracted” in this context means to acquire or become infected with a disease.

What are the treatments for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?

STDs originating from bacteria or parasites can be effectively treated with antibiotics. However, there are no cures for STDs that are caused by viruses, although medications are available that can alleviate symptoms and decrease the likelihood of transmitting the infection to others.

Can sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) be prevented?

Utilizing latex condoms properly can significantly lower, but not entirely eradicate, the risk of contracting or transmitting STDs. If you or your partner have a latex allergy, polyurethane condoms are an alternative. Abstaining from anal, vaginal, or oral sex is the most effective method to prevent infection.

What are the numbers of known STDs?

There are more than 30 different bacteria, viruses, and parasites known to be transmitted through sexual contact. Eight of these pathogens are linked to the greatest incidence of sexually transmitted diseases.

Of these 8 infections, 4 are currently curable: syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis. The other 4 are viral infections and are incurable: hepatitis B, herpes simplex virus (HSV or herpes), HIV, and human papillomavirus (HPV).

6 Routes by which STDs are transmitted

Here are the main routes of transmission:

Sexual Contact

This is the most common way STDs are spread. This includes any form of sexual activity that involves the exchange of body fluids or direct skin-to-skin contact. This means that vaginal, anal, or oral sex can all potentially spread STDs. The diseases that are most often spread through sexual contact include HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, and human papillomavirus (HPV).

Skin-to-Skin Contact

Some STDs, like herpes and HPV, can be spread through skin-to-skin contact with an infected area or sore, even if no body fluids are exchanged.

Shared Sexual Devices

Using shared sex toys without properly cleaning them or using a new condom each time can also transmit STDs.

Mother to Child

Pregnant individuals with an STD can pass the infection to their baby during childbirth, and sometimes during pregnancy. This is the case with HIV, syphilis, herpes, and others.

Blood Transmission

Some STDs, such as HIV and Hepatitis B and C, can be transmitted through contact with infected blood. This is often a risk with shared needles or other drug paraphernalia, needle-stick injuries in healthcare settings, or sometimes even through a blood transfusion, though the latter is extremely rare due to thorough blood screenings.

Nonsexual Contact

Although rare, some STDs can be transmitted through nonsexual means. For instance, pubic lice (crabs) can be spread through sharing clothing, towels, or bedding.

Characteristics of Sexually Transmitted Diseases

A disease is classified as a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD), or Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI), if it primarily spreads through sexual contact. “sexual contact” includes any type of sexual activity involving the anus, vagina, or mouth.

1. Transmission Through Sexual Activity: This is the defining characteristic of STDs. The infections are usually passed from person to person during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. The microorganisms (like bacteria, viruses, or parasites) that cause these diseases inhabit the warm and moist environment of the human genital area, facilitating transmission during sexual activity.
2. Presence in Body Fluids: The causative agents (bacteria, viruses, parasites) of STDs are typically present in certain body fluids like semen, vaginal fluids, or blood. They can also be present on the skin or mucous membranes of the genital area.
3. Transmission Through Non-Sexual Means: While sexual activity is the primary mode of transmission, some STDs can also be transmitted through non-sexual means. For example, diseases like HIV and Hepatitis B and C can be spread through sharing needles for drug use. Some STDs, such as syphilis, HIV, and genital herpes, can also be transmitted from a pregnant individual to their baby during pregnancy or childbirth.
4. Often Asymptomatic: Many STDs might not show any symptoms, especially in the early stages. This means an infected person can pass the disease on to others without even knowing they have it.
5. Potential for Severe Health Consequences: If left untreated, some STDs can lead to severe health problems, including infertility, certain types of cancer, organ damage, or increased susceptibility to other infections like HIV.

Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Since you have waited until this very point, which is a good sign you are learning. Now, let’s take a deeper look at each of these preventative measures for sexually transmitted diseases:

1. Abstinence: Abstaining from sex means not engaging in any sexual activity (vaginal, anal, or oral). This is the only surefire way to prevent STDs since these diseases are transmitted through sexual contact. However, this may not be a feasible or desired choice for many individuals, which is why it’s important to know about and consider other preventative measures.
2. Mutual Monogamy: Monogamy refers to being in a sexual relationship with only one person at a time. If both you and your partner have been tested and do not have any STDs, and if you both stay faithful to each other, then the risk of getting an STD is extremely low. It’s crucial for both partners to get tested before entering into a monogamous relationship, to ensure they are starting the relationship without any STDs.
3. Proper and Consistent Use of Condoms: While condoms do not provide 100% protection, they significantly reduce the risk of transmission of many STDs. They provide a physical barrier that can stop infectious secretions from being exchanged. For condoms to be most effective, they should be used correctly and consistently every time you have sex.
4. Regular STD Testing and Treatment: This is essential because many STDs can be asymptomatic (showing no symptoms) for long periods. Regular testing ensures that if you have contracted an STD, you can get treated promptly, reducing the chance of any long-term health complications and also reducing the likelihood of unknowingly passing the disease onto someone else.
5. Vaccination: There are safe and effective vaccines available for certain STDs like HPV and Hepatitis A and B. They work by stimulating your immune system to recognize and fight off these viruses. For instance, the HPV vaccine is recommended for preteens but can be administered to anyone up to the age of 26 (and in some cases, even beyond that age).
6. Educate Yourself and Others: Knowing the facts about STDs — how they’re spread, their symptoms, and how to prevent them — can help you make informed decisions about your sexual health. Misinformation and stigma can often create an environment where STDs can spread.
7. Communication: Open and honest communication about sexual history and health is key to preventing STDs. It’s important to discuss with your partner(s) about past experiences, sexual health, and the importance of being tested. This way, you can create a more trusting and protective environment for both.
8. Avoid Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Using drugs and alcohol can impair judgment and lead to risky sexual behavior, such as unprotected sex or sex with multiple partners. It’s important to avoid substance abuse, not just for sexual health, but for overall health and well-being.
9. Use Clean Needles: For individuals who inject drugs, using new, clean needles every time is crucial. Shared needles can carry blood that may contain an STD, like HIV or Hepatitis C. Many communities offer needle exchange programs, where used needles can be turned in for clean ones, reducing the risk of infection.

Symptoms of STDs in female

STD symptoms in females can vary greatly depending on the specific infection and often, they may be asymptomatic (i.e., show no symptoms), particularly in the early stages.

This is why regular testing is crucial for anyone who is sexually active. However, some possible signs and symptoms may include:

• Chlamydia and Gonorrhea: These bacterial infections can cause abnormal vaginal discharge, a burning sensation during urination, lower abdominal pain, and pain during sex. If the infection spreads, it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, which may cause severe abdominal pain and fever.
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Genital Warts: Some types of HPV can cause genital warts, which appear as small, flesh-colored bumps on the genital area. Other types of HPV can lead to cervical cancer, which often doesn’t show symptoms until it’s more advanced.
• Herpes: Genital herpes can cause outbreaks of painful sores in the genital area. Other symptoms can include itching or burning in the genital area, pain during urination, and sometimes flu-like symptoms.
• Syphilis: This bacterial infection can cause a painless sore on the genitals, anus, or mouth in its early stages. If untreated, it can lead to a rash, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and a variety of other symptoms. In its later stages, it can affect the heart, brain, and other organs of the body.
• Trichomoniasis: This parasitic infection can cause frothy, foul-smelling, yellow-green vaginal discharge, as well as vaginal itching and redness. There can also be discomfort during sex and urination.
• HIV: Early symptoms can resemble the flu, with fever, sore throat, and fatigue. As the infection progresses, weight loss, recurrent infections, and eventually severe illnesses may occur.
• Hepatitis B and C: Many people do not have symptoms, but some may experience fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and abdominal pain.

Who is at risk of contracting STDs?

Anyone who is sexually active can potentially contract a sexually transmitted disease (STD). However, certain behaviors or circumstances can put individuals at a higher risk. These include:

1. Having Unprotected Sex: Not using barrier methods like condoms or dental dams during sex increases the risk of contracting an STD.
2. Having Multiple Sexual Partners: The more sexual partners a person has, the greater their risk of exposure to STDs.
3. Having Sex with a Partner Who Has Multiple Partners: Even if an individual only has one partner, if that partner is sexually active with other people, the risk of contracting an STD increases.
4. Sharing Needles for Drug Use: Sharing needles or syringes for drug use can transmit bloodborne diseases like HIV and Hepatitis B and C.
5. Age: Young people, particularly those in their late teens and early 20s, have higher rates of STDs than older adults. This is partly due to behaviors, but also because the cervix of teenage girls and young women is more susceptible to infection.
6. Sexual History: Having a history of STDs increases the risk of future infections.
7. Having Sex Under the Influence of Drugs or Alcohol: These substances can impair judgement and lead to risky behaviors, such as unprotected sex.
8. Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM): MSM have an increased risk of contracting certain STDs, like HIV and syphilis, due to certain sexual behaviors.
9. Lack of Vaccination: Not getting vaccinated for preventable STDs, such as HPV and Hepatitis A and B, increases the risk of contracting these diseases.
10. Sex Workers: Sex workers may be at higher risk due to having multiple sexual partners, potentially having unprotected sex, or being forced into unsafe situations.

A final thought about the Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is a vital component of public health. It’s essential to understand that anyone who is sexually active is at risk, and the consequences of ignoring that risk can be significant, potentially leading to severe health problems.

Education is the cornerstone of prevention. It’s important that comprehensive sex education, which includes information on how STDs are transmitted and how to prevent them, is widely accessible. Regular testing is another crucial aspect. Many STDs can be asymptomatic, meaning they don’t show symptoms, yet they can still be transmitted to others.

Vaccination is an effective prevention strategy for certain STDs like HPV and Hepatitis A and B. Access to these vaccines should be maximized to take advantage of this method of prevention.

Everyone has a role to play in preventing STDs and promoting sexual health which is one of the reasons I compiled this for you.

The types of Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are ill-health conditions passed from one person to another through sexual activities.

You can contract an STD by having unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an infected person.

An STD has also been labeled a sexually transmitted infection (STI) or venereal disease (VD). Depending on the specific STD, infections may also be transmitted through other routes asides from sexual activities like breastfeeding and an unhygienic environment. 

HIV has other routes of transmission. For example, this STI can spread through the use of unsterilized drug needles.

Some STIs are benign, but others can lead to severe complications if the infected person does not seek treatment.

Introduction to the types of sexually transmitted diseases

Anyone can contract an STI, regardless of his or her sexual orientation and hygiene standards. Many STIs can transmit through non-penetrative sexual activity.

If you have one STI, it can often increase your chances of contracting another. Some STIs can also lead to severe consequences if left untreated. In rare cases, untreated STDs may even be fatal.

Fortunately, most STDs can be treated and be cured totally. Is essential to note that early and effective treatment can help relieve symptoms, lower your risk of complications, and protect sexual partners.

Symptoms of types of sexually transmitted diseases

• Headaches
• Difficulty swallowing
• Discharge
• Fever
• Night sweats
• Fatigue/weakness
• Appetite loss
• Weight loss
• Chronic diarrhea
• Nausea/vomiting
• Itchy, rashy skin/skin lesions
• Chronic coughing
• Restlessness
• Confusion/delirium
• Difficulty breathing

Is essential to note that different sexually transmitted infections present different symptoms and there may be variations in gender

Some specific symptoms of STIs in men

Is important you note that men may contract sexually transmitted infection without a possible symptom although some common symptoms are:

• Painful or swollen testicles

• Pain or discomfort during sex or urination

• Sores, bumps, or rashes on or around the penis, testicles, anus, buttocks, thighs, or mouth

• Unusual discharge or bleeding from the penis

Some specific symptoms of STIs in women

In many cases, STDs don’t cause noticeable symptoms. When they do, common STD symptoms in women include:

• Pain or discomfort during sex or urination
• Sores, bumps, or rashes on or around the vagina, anus, buttocks, thighs, or mouth
• The unusual odor from the vagina
• Unusual discharge or bleeding from the vagina
• Itchiness in or around the vagina

In this article, some common STIs are discussed to help you cruise in the pool of ideal health

Types of sexually transmitted diseases

• Syphilis
• HIV
• Gonorrhea
• Herpes
• HPV (human papillomavirus)
• Chlamydia
• Scabies
• Crabs, or pubic lice
• Hepatitis B
• Trichomoniasis

SYPHILIS

Syphilis is among the types of sexually transmitted diseases however, it is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum which slips into the bloodstream and is eventually sent to organs outside the reproductive tract. It often goes unnoticed in its early stages.

The first symptom to appear is a small round sore, known as a chancre. Since syphilis chancres aren’t painful and typically heal within four to six weeks, most boys don’t see a doctor. They assume the mysterious sore is gone for good, but one-third of men and women exposed to primary syphilis progress to a secondary infection

This sexually transmitted disease can develop on your genitals, anus, or mouth.  It’s painless but very infectious.

Later symptoms of syphilis can include:

• rash
• fatigue
• fever
• headaches
• joint pain
• weight loss
• hair loss

If left untreated, late-stage syphilis can lead to:

• loss of vision
• loss of hearing
• loss of memory
• mental illness
• infections of the brain or spinal cord
• heart disease
• death

Fortunately, if caught early enough, syphilis is easily treated with antibiotics. However, syphilis infection in a newborn can be fatal. That’s why it’s important for all pregnant women to be screened for syphilis.

The earlier syphilis is diagnosed and treated, the less damage it does. 

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

HIV can damage the immune system and raise the risk of contracting other viruses or bacteria and certain cancers. If left untreated, it can lead to stage 3 HIV, known as AIDS. But with today’s treatment, many people living with HIV don’t ever develop AIDS when proper medications are taken.

AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is spread through unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person or through using a contaminated needle to inject drugs. It is also among the known different types of sexually transmitted diseases.

It can also be spread through intravenous drug use and much less commonly, blood, blood products, needles, or other sharp instruments contaminated with infected body fluids or blood.

In the early or acute stages, it’s easy to mistake the symptoms of HIV with those of the flu. For example, the early symptoms can include:

• fever
• chills
• aches and pains
• swollen lymph nodes
• sore throat
• headache
• nausea
• rashes

These initial symptoms are typically clear within a month or so. From that point onward, a person can carry HIV without developing serious or persistent symptoms for many years. Other people may develop nonspecific symptoms, such as:

• recurrent fatigue
• fevers
• headaches
• stomach issues

HIV is one of the deadliest sexually transmitted diseases because there’s no cure for it yet. Although, treatment options are available to manage it. Early and effective treatment can help people with HIV live as long as those without HIV.

Proper treatment can also lower your chances of transmitting HIV to a sexual partner. In fact, treatment can potentially lower the amount of HIV in your body to undetectable levels.

With recent advancements in testing and treatment, it’s possible to live a long and healthy life with HIV. 

Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea usually begins in the urethra (bladder opening) or the cervix. However, the rapidly proliferating Neisseria gonorrhoea bacterium is the pathogen that causes gonorrhea. It can migrate to the uterus and the fallopian tubes, giving rise to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). The infection, like chlamydia, may also involve the rectum. It is also known as “the clap.”

Many people with gonorrhea develop no symptoms. But when present, symptoms may include:

• a white, yellow, beige, or green-colored discharge from the penis or vagina
• pain or discomfort during sex or urination
• more frequent urination than usual
• itching around the genitals
• sore throat

If left untreated, gonorrhea can lead to:

• infections of the urethra, prostate gland, or testicles
• pelvic inflammatory disease
• infertility

Symptoms typically occur two to ten days after exposure.

Men:

• Penile discharge
• Mild to a severe burning sensation when urinating
• Can progress to epididymitis

Women:

• Painful or burning sensation when urinating and/or yellow or bloody vaginal discharge
• Abdominal pain
• Bleeding between menstrual periods
• Vomiting
• Fever
• Progression to pelvic inflammatory disease

Rectal Infection:

• Anal discharge
• Anal itching
• Painful bowel movements

It’s possible for a mother to pass gonorrhea onto a newborn during childbirth. When that happens, gonorrhea can cause serious health problems in the baby. That’s why many doctors encourage pregnant women to get tested and treated for potential STDs.

Herpes

Among the types of sexually transmitted diseases is Genital herpes. It is also commonly called “herpes,” is a viral infection by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). It is transmitted through intimate contact with the mucous-covered linings of the mouth or the vagina or the genital skin.

The virus enters the linings or skin through microscopic tears. Once inside, the virus travels to the nerve roots near the spinal cord and settles there permanently.

When an infected person has a herpes outbreak, the virus travels down the nerve fibers to the site of the original infection. When it reaches the skin, the typical redness and blisters occur. After the initial outbreak, subsequent outbreaks tend to be sporadic. They may occur weekly or even years apart.

Two types of herpes viruses are associated with genital lesions: herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2).

HSV-1 more often causes blisters of the mouth area while HSV-2 more often causes genital sores or lesions in the area around the anus.

The outbreak of herpes is closely related to the functioning of the immune system. Women who have suppressed immune systems, because of stress, infection, or medications, have more frequent and longer-lasting outbreaks.

Genital herpes is spread only by direct person-to-person contact. It is believed that a majority of sexually active adults carry the herpes virus.

Symptoms of genital herpes

Once exposed to the virus, there is an incubation period that generally lasts 3 to 7 days before a lesion develops. During this time, there are no symptoms and the virus cannot be transmitted to others. An outbreak usually begins within two weeks of initial infection and manifests as an itching or tingling sensation followed by redness of the skin.

Finally, a blister forms. The blisters and subsequent ulcers that form when the blisters break are usually very painful to touch and may last from 7 days to 2 weeks.

HPV (human papillomavirus)

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus that can be passed from one person to another through intimate skin-to-skin or sexual contact. There are many different strains of the virus. Some are more dangerous than others. Nearly every sexually active person will have HPV at some point.

Most types of HPV have no symptoms and cause no harm, and your body gets rid of them on its own. But some of them cause genital warts.

Others infect the mouth and throat. Still, others can cause cancer of the cervix, penis, mouth, or throat.

The CDC recommends young women and men ages 11 to 26 get vaccinated for HPV. Since there’s no treatment for HPV.

A Pap smear can show most cervical cancers caused by HPV early on. HPV is also among the types of sexually transmitted diseases.

Chlamydia

Chlamydia results from an infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. It is a common infection that can spread through anal, vaginal, and oral sex. A pregnant woman can also transmit it to the baby during delivery.

It can infect the urethra (bladder opening) and cervix (uterus opening). It is common in youngsters aged fifteen to nineteen.  It is known to be the most prevalent bacterial STI in the United States.

chlamydia does not usually produce symptoms, but it can result in infertility and other complications if a person does not receive treatment for it. The disease is easily treated, but like other sexually transmitted infections, chlamydia tends to be silent and therefore go undiagnosed until it becomes more serious than in its early stages

If symptoms do occur, they may include a change in vaginal discharge and burning pain during urination.

Chlamydia which is among the types of sexually transmitted diseases, can also affect the rectum, if the infection occurs as a result of anal sex or if the infection spreads from another area. This can lead to:

• rectal pain
• rectal bleeding
• rectal discharge

In those who do develop symptoms, these will usually appear 7–21 days after exposure to the bacterium.

Scabies among the types of sexually transmitted diseases

Oftentimes people of all races and backgrounds are affected by the infestation of sarcoptes scabiei mite, as well as the human itch mite worldwide, this infestation is generally known as scabies.

Sarcoptes scabiei,  falls under the class of Arachnida and infect both human and animal at varying degrees.

In humans, the availability of mites will determine how contagious the infestation will be.

for instance, incrusted or Norwegian scabies {because it was first analyzed in Norway} is highly contagious due to thousands of these microscopic mites present. The availability of these mites is because of a compromised immune system like in the case of HIV/AIDS.

Crabs, or pubic lice

Pediculosis pubis is an infection of the genital area caused by the crab louse (Phthirus pubis).

The lice (commonly called crabs) are small bugs that are visible to the naked eye without the aid of a magnifying glass or microscope. Crabs, or pubic lice, usually attach to pubic hair. Sometimes, however, they can affect the hair in the armpits, mustache, beard, eyelashes, or eyebrows.

The treatment for pubic lice is usually with a 1% cream rinse of permethrin that is applied to the affected area and washed off after 10 minutes.

The first stage in the life cycle will be the appearance of the eggs, which lasts 6–10 days. After hatching, the lice will look like tiny crabs. They need blood to survive and will live for around 2–3 weeks. In the last day or two, the females will lay more eggs, and the cycle will continue.

Pubic lice can spread from person to person during close physical contact, including sexual contact. They can also transmit via shared towels or bed linen like in the case of scabies.

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is among the types of sexually transmitted diseases rated as a major global health problem. It can cause chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer.

A safe and effective vaccine that offers 98-100% protection against hepatitis B is available. Preventing hepatitis B infection averts the development of complications including the development of chronic disease and liver cancer.

Once a person has the virus, it can remain in their semen, blood, and other bodily fluids.

Transmission is possible through:

• sexual contact
• using nonsterile equipment for injections
• puncturing the skin with a sharp object where the virus is present

it can also be congenital although, as long as the nipples are not cracked, the risk of transmitting the virus through breast milk is negligible, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Trichomoniasis

Trichomoniasis, or trich, is caused by Trichomonas vaginalis it can affect both males and females, but females are more likely to experience symptoms

More women than men get trichomoniasis, which is caused by this tiny parasite.

Men and women can give it to each other through penis-vagina contact. Women can give it to each other when their genital areas touch.

In females, it is most likely to affect the vagina. In males, the infection can develop in the urethra.

Symptoms of trichomoniasis may include itching, burning, or sore genitals. You might also see a smelly, clear, white, yellowish, or greenish discharge. Others may include

• pain during urination
• pain during ejaculation
• pain or discomfort during sex

Trich can also lead to pregnancy complications and increase the risk of both contracting and transmitting HIV.

These types of Sexually transmitted diseases are not to be neglected. If you think you have been exposed do well to see a physician.

Different pathogens bring about different types of sexually transmitted diseases is ideal you always take preventive and precautionary measures.

Let’s take a look t  the pathophysiology of HIV and the important facts to learn.

The human immunodeficiency virus mostly regarded as HIV is a viral disease that attacks the immune system, which is the body’s security against foreign bodies.

In the pathophysiology of HIV, we will understand how untreated HIV infects and kills CD4 cells, making the body prone to other diseases.

Introduction to the pathophysiology of HIV

Before the introduction of antiretroviral drugs, HIV is a nightmare to the world and has led over 30 million people to an early grave.

This pathogen is spread by contact with certain bodily fluids of a person infected with HIV, most commonly during unprotected sex.

Routes of HIV transmission in the pathophysiology of HIV

• blood
• semen
• vaginal and rectal fluids
• breast milk

Stages of HIV infection

In the pathophysiology of HIV, there are three distinct stages involved namely:

1st stage (acute HIV infection)

2^nd stage (chronic HIV infection)

3^rd stage (AIDS [Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome])

In the early stage of HIV, infected People have a large amount of this virus in circulation in their blood and thus are very contagious.

Although, flu-like symptoms may be experienced in some people which is the body’s natural response to the virus.

In most cases, such symptoms are usually neglected and some people remain asymptomatic (no symptom) unless diagnosed.

This early or 1^st stage is followed by the chronic HIV infection stage which can also be regarded as clinical latency. Here, HIV is still active but reproduces at very low levels and most people remain asymptomatic during this stage.

The chronic HIV infection period may last a decade or longer (10 years or more), but some may progress faster. That is why is of utmost importance you get tested at frequent times.

At the end of this stage, the amount of HIV in the blood (called viral load) goes up and the CD4 cell count goes down.

The person may have symptoms as the virus levels increase in the body, and the person moves into 3^rd stage which is the detrimental stage.

Although the good news is if you follow the guidelines as approved by WHO that will be given to you in this article “pathophysiology of HIV” you can never progress to this detrimental stage called AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

This 3^rd stage is the most severe stage of HIV infection. People with AIDS have such badly damaged immune systems that they get an increasing number of severe illnesses, called opportunistic infections regardless of their CD4 count.

Here, the number of their CD4 cells falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood (200 cells/mm3). (In someone with a healthy immune system, CD4 counts are between 500 and 1,600 cells/mm3.) OR

Without HIV medicine, people with AIDS typically survive about 3 years. Once someone has a dangerous opportunistic illness, life expectancy without treatment falls to about 1 year.

HIV medicine can still help people at this stage of HIV infection, and it can even be lifesaving. But people who start ART soon after they get HIV to experience more benefits—that’s why HIV testing is so important and can never be over-emphasized.

Pathophysiology of HIV and Symptoms

The symptoms of HIV and AIDS vary, depending on the stage of infection.

1^st stage (Acute HIV Infection)

The acute HIV infection may present symptoms for a few weeks which can be so mild that you might not even notice them. They may include:

• Fever
• Headache
• Muscle aches and joint pain
• Rash
• Sore throat and painful mouth sores
• Swollen lymph glands, mainly on the neck
• Diarrhea
• Weight loss
• Cough
• Night sweats

In the 2^nd stage of infection, 

HIV is still present in the body and in white blood cells. However, many people may not have any symptoms of infection during this time.

This stage can last for many years if you are not receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Although if symptoms are available they will be similar to that of the acute stage.

The 3^rd stage AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

Untreated, HIV typically turns into AIDS in about a decade  or more

The signs and symptoms of some of these infections may include:

• Sweats
• Chills
• Recurring fever
• Chronic diarrhea
• Swollen lymph glands
• Persistent white spots or unusual lesions on your tongue or in your mouth
• Persistent, unexplained fatigue
• Weakness
• Weight loss
• Skin rashes or bumps
• Different opportunistic infections like tuberculosis

Risk factors on the pathophysiology of HIV

One is at the greatest risk of contracting HIV if you:

• Are promiscuous, Use a new latex or polyurethane condom every time you have sex. Anal sex is riskier than is vaginal sex. Your risk of HIV increases if you have multiple sexual partners.
• Infected with an STD Many STDs produce open sores on your genitals. These sores act as doorways for HIV to enter your body.
• Use IV drugs People who use IV drugs often share needles and syringes. This exposes them to droplets of other people’s blood.

Pathophysiology of HIV

Viruses generally are nonliving thus, cannot replicate without a host, and can only do so inside a living cell. Considering the viral structure, viruses lack the complex components present in bacterial or human cells, so HIV is not an exemption.

One similarity between a virus to bacterium and a human is that they possess genetic material that contains all the information needed to build and maintain an organism.

In humans and bacteria, this is called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), whereas in viruses such as HIV, genetic data is organized into single strands; this is called ribonucleic acid (RNA) which is protected by capsid.

Outside the capsid are enzymes the virus uses to infect its host and replicate. These structures are surrounded by an envelope comprising glycoproteins, which help the virus identify and bind to its target cell.

After the virus enters the body, there is a period of rapid viral replication, leading to an abundance of viruses in the peripheral blood.

During primary infection, the level of HIV may reach several million virus particles per milliliter of blood.

The human immune system has many vital cells that fight infection and destroy abnormal cells; this includes lymphocytes called T-cells, which determine the immune system’s response to foreign antigens.

HIV targets and infects a particular type of T-cell called CD4 ‘helper’ cells. These are so-called because they do not kill or neutralize foreign antigens but, instead, signal and recruit other immune cells to do so.

The virus mars the function of the CD4 cells, turning them into factories that produce multiple new copies of the virus.

Once infected, CD4 cells develop a much shorter lifespan and are eventually destroyed. The cytotoxic T cells account for CD4⁺ T cell depletion, although apoptosis may also be a factor.

The CD8⁺ T cell is also an essential antibody in the pathophysiology of HIV. Its response is thought to be important in controlling virus levels.

During the chronic phase, the consequences of generalized immune activation coupled with the gradual loss of the ability of the immune system to generate new T cells appear to account for the slow decline in CD4⁺ T cell numbers.

Summary of how HIV invades the CD4 cells in the pathophysiology of HIV

Here are the essential things to note;

Binding and entry –

The virus seeks out the CD4 cell and attaches itself to receptors on the cell’s outer membrane, it then fuses itself to the cell and releases viral RNA and enzymes into it

Reverse transcription –

The virus converts its single-stranded viral RNA into double-stranded DNA using an enzyme called reverse transcriptase

Integration –

The virus integrates its newly created viral DNA into the CD4 cell’s nucleus using an enzyme called integrase; by integrating its genetic instructions, it invades the CD4 cell

Replication –

The CD4 cell starts to build new copies of the virus; this process can sometimes be clumsy, causing mutations and variations in the new virions

Budding and maturation –

The new HIV virions migrate towards the outer membrane of the CD4 cell. An enzyme called protease helps convert immature virions into mature, infectious virions.

They then push themselves out of the cell, which is called budding, and seek out other CD4 cells to repeat the process

A vigorous immune response eventually controls the infection and initiates the 2^nd stage or clinically latent phase or chronic HIV infection.

However, CD4⁺ T cells in mucosal tissues remain depleted throughout the infection, although enough remain to initially ward off life-threatening infections.

Continuous HIV replication results in a state of generalized immune activation persisting throughout the chronic phase.

Immune activation, which is reflected by the increased activation state of immune cells and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, results from the activity of several HIV gene products and the immune response to ongoing HIV replication.

Another cause is the breakdown of the immune surveillance system of the mucosal barrier caused by the depletion of mucosal CD4⁺ T cells during the acute phase of the disease.

This results in the systemic exposure of the immune system to microbial components of the gut’s normal flora, which is a healthy person is kept in check by the mucosal immune system.

Eventually, the minimal number of CD4⁺ T cells necessary to maintain a sufficient immune response is lost, leading to AIDS.

The virus, entering through any route, acts primarily on the following cells:

See below;

Lymphoreticular system-

• CD₄+ T-Helper cells(main target cell)
• Macrophages
• Monocytes

Certain endothelial cells-

Central nervous system-

• Microgliaof the nervous system
• Astrocytes
• Oligodendrocytes
• Neurons– indirectly by the action of cytokines and the gp-120

Prevention of HIV in the pathophysiology of HIV

There is no vaccine to prevent HIV infection and no cure for AIDS. But you can protect yourself and others from infection through:

Use treatment as prevention (TasP)

If you’re living with HIV, taking HIV medication can keep your partner from becoming infected with the virus. Using TasP means taking your medication exactly as prescribed and getting regular checkups.

Consider post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) if you’ve been exposed to HIV

If you think you’ve been exposed to the VIRUS, Taking PEP as soon as possible within the first 72 hours can greatly reduce your risk of becoming infected with HIV. You will need to take medication for 28 days.

Use a new condom every time you have sex

Use a new condom every time you have anal or vaginal sex. Women can use a female condom

Consider pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)

The combination drugs emtricitabine plus tenofovir (Truvada) and emtricitabine plus tenofovir alafenamide (Descovy) can reduce the risk of sexually transmitted HIV infection in people at very high risk.

Tell your sexual partners if you have HIV

It’s important to tell all your current and past sexual partners that you’re HIV-positive. They’ll need to be tested.

Use a clean needle

If you use a needle to inject drugs, make sure it’s sterile and don’t share it.

If you are pregnant, get medical care right away

If you are HIV-positive, you may pass the infection to your baby. But if you receive treatment during pregnancy, you can significantly cut your baby’s risk.

Consider male circumcision

There’s evidence that male circumcision can help reduce the risk of getting HIV infection.

Diagnoses of HIV in the pathophysiology of HIV

See below;

Antibody/antigen tests

Antibody/antigen tests are the most commonly used tests. They can show positive results typically within 18–45 days after someone initially contracts HIV.

Antibody tests

These tests check the blood solely for antibodies. Between 23 and 90 days after transmission, most people will develop detectable HIV antibodies, which can be found in the blood or saliva.

Other antibody tests can be done at home:

• OraQuick HIV Test. An oral swab provides results in as little as 20 minutes.
• Home Access HIV-1 Test System. After the person pricks their finger, they send a blood sample to a licensed laboratory. They can remain anonymous and call for results the next business day.

Nucleic acid test (NAT)

This expensive test isn’t used for general screening, it is for people who have early symptoms of HIV or have a known risk factor. This test looks for the virus itself. It takes from 5 to 21 days for HIV to be detectable in the blood.

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The pathophysiology of chlamydia comes with many questions, and in this article, it will be made clear. 

Chlamydia is a venereal disease caused by a gram-negative bacterial pathogen called chlamydia trachomatis.

This pathogen belongs to the genus chlamydophila that replicates within eukaryotic cells.

 It is the most common bacterial venereal disease in the US and the world at large.

Introduction to the pathophysiology of chlamydia

Chlamydia trachomatis affects mostly young women, but it can occur in both men and women and in all age groups. It’s not difficult to treat, but if left untreated it can lead to more serious health complications like pelvic inflammatory disease, urethritis, epididymitis, and others.

primarily, this infection spreads from infected individuals to their sexual partners via unprotected vaginal, oral, or anal sexual intercourse.

Sharing unwashed sex toys or those that are not covered with a new condom may also lead to the spread of the infection.

This infection can also spread when one comes in contact with the sexual bodily fluid of an infected person for instance If the eyes come into contact with infected fluids, an eye infection called trachoma may develop, which is the leading cause of blindness in the world.

An infected mother can transmit this infection during birth when the baby passes through the vaginal canal a mode called vertical transmission.

Pathophysiology of chlamydia

In the pathophysiology of Chlamydia, the pathogen chlamydia trachomatis is unique among bacteria, having an infectious cycle and two developmental forms.

These include the infectious form called the elementary body (EB) and the reticulate body (RB). The EB is metabolically inactive and is taken up by host cells. Within the host cell, the EB will differentiate into the metabolically active RB.

The reticulate body will then use host energy sources and amino acids to replicate and form a new elementary body, which can then infect additional cells. 

Chlamydia trachomatis targets the squamocolumnar epithelial cells of the endocervix and upper genital tract in women, and the conjunctiva, urethra, and rectum in both men and women. 

Prevention of chlamydia

In the pathophysiology of chlamydia, the below are the preventive measures to take:

Abstinence-

The surest way to prevent chlamydia infection is to abstain from sexual activities.

Use condoms–

Use a male latex condom or a female polyurethane condom during each sexual contact. Condoms used properly during every sexual encounter reduce but don’t eliminate the risk of infection.

Limit your number of sex partners-

 Having multiple sex partners puts you at a high risk of contracting chlamydia and other sexually transmitted infections.

Get regular screenings-

If you’re sexually active, particularly if you have multiple partners, talk with your doctor about how often you should be screened for chlamydia and other sexually transmitted infections.

Avoid douching-

 Douching decreases the number of good bacteria in the vagina, which can increase the risk of infection.

Diagnoses of chlamydia

Chlamydia can be detected through culture tests or nonculture tests.

The main nonculture tests include fluorescent monoclonal antibody tests, enzyme immunoassays, DNA probes, rapid Chlamydia tests, and leukocyte esterase tests.

whereas the culture tests include

A urine test-

A sample of your urine is analyzed in the laboratory for the presence of this infection. The rapid Chlamydia tests use antibodies against the MOMP, the leukocyte esterase tests detect enzymes produced by leukocytes containing the bacteria in the urine.

A swab-

For women, your doctor takes a swab of the discharge from your cervix for culture or antigen testing for chlamydia.

This can be done during a routine Pap test. Some women prefer to swab their vaginas themselves, which has been shown to be as diagnostic as doctor-obtained swabs.

For men, your doctor inserts a slim swab into the end of your penis to get a sample from the urethra. In some cases, your doctor will swab the anus.

If you’ve been treated for initial chlamydia infection, you should be retested in about three months.

Symptoms of chlamydia

The early stage of this infection is usually asymptomatic although when signs and symptoms occur, they’re often mild, making them easy to be neglected.

like other venereal diseases like gonorrhea, Signs, and symptoms of Chlamydia trachomatis infection can include:

• Painful sexual intercourse in women
• Painful urination
• Vaginal discharge in women
• Bleeding between periods and after sex in women
• Testicular pain in men
• Discharge from the penis in men

Treatment  of chlamydia

Chlamydia trachomatis is treated with antibiotics. You might receive a one-time dose, or you might need to take the medication daily or multiple times a day for 5 to 10 days.

The antibiotic for the treatment of uncomplicated urogenital chlamydia infection is azithromycin.

Doxycycline is an alternative, but azithromycin is preferred as it is a single-dose therapy. Other alternatives include erythromycin, levofloxacin, and ofloxacin.

In most cases, the infection resolves within one to two weeks. During that time, you should abstain from sex.

Patients should have partners identified and tested. They should also be counseled on high-risk behaviors, avoid sexual activity for one week after initiating therapy, and should consider testing for HIV.

Verification of cure should occur three weeks after treatment completion, and retesting should be performed three months after treatment.

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In the pathophysiology of Gonorrhea, it is important to note that this venereal disease has been in existence for ages.

In the United Kingdom, it is the second most common bacterial venereal infection. considering the pathophysiology of gonorrhea, the good news is that, it can be cured using the right medications.

Introduction on the pathophysiology of gonorrhea

Gonorrhea is a bacterial disease caused by a gram-negative pathogen called Neisseria gonorrhea. Neisseria gonorrheae is an obligate human pathogen that causes mucosal surface infections of male and female reproductive tracts, pharynx, rectum, and conjunctiva. It predominantly affects people below 30 years of age.

If asymptomatic in the lower reproductive tract of women, it can lead to serious, long-term consequences of these infections which may ascend into the fallopian tube.

The damage caused by gonococcal infection and the subsequent inflammatory response produces the condition known as a pelvic inflammatory disease.

Additionally, the resolution of infection can produce new adhesions between internal tissues, which can tear and reform, producing chronic pelvic pain.

Signs and symptoms in the pathophysiology of gonorrhea

The first sign in the male is a burning sensation upon urination and a purulent urethral discharge that may or may not be pronounced.

In the absence of treatment, the infection usually extends deeper, to involve the upper urethra, the neck of the urinary bladder, and the prostate gland.

Urgency and frequency of urination and, occasionally, blood in the urine may follow.

This infection is usually asymptomatic in about 20 percent of infected women very few men have the infection without any sign.

Signs of Gonorrhea affecting the genital tract in men include:

• Painful urination
• Pus-like discharge from the tip of the penis
• Pain or swelling in one testicle

Signs of Gonorrhea affecting the genital tract in women include:

• Increased vaginal discharge
• Painful urination
• Vaginal bleeding between periods, such as after vaginal intercourse
• Abdominal or pelvic pain

Signs of Gonorrhoea at other sites in the body include:

-Eyes-

The eyes can be affected following Gonorrhoea infection which can lead to eye pain, sensitivity to light, pus-like discharge from one or both eyes, and other visual impairments.

-Rectum-

Once the rectum is infected symptoms may include anal itching, pus-like discharge from the rectum, spots of bright red blood on toilet tissue, and having to strain during bowel movements.

-Throat-

Signs and symptoms of a throat infection might include a sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in the neck region.

-Joints-

Following a gonorrhoea infection, the joints may become infected leading to septic arthritis which is accompanied by difficulty in movement.

Gonorrhea Risk Factors

For most venereal diseases the surest way to keep safe is abstinence. in this article “pathophysiology of gonorrhea”

The risk for gonorrhea is higher if you:

• Fall below 30 years of age
• Are having sex with a new partner who is promiscuous
• Have multiple sex partners
• Are exposed to gonorrhea before
• Have had other STDs

Pathophysiology of gonorrhea

The incubation period of gonorrhea is usually 3 to 5 days (range 2 to 10 days). The pathophysiology of N gonorrhea and the relative virulence of different subtypes depending on the antigenic characteristics of the respective surface proteins.

Certain subtypes are able to evade serum immune responses and are more likely to lead to disseminated (systemic) infection.

Well-characterized plasmids commonly carry antibiotic-resistance genes, most notably penicillinase. Plasmid and nonplasmid genes are transmitted freely between different subtypes

Unlike many commonly studied bacterial pathogens, N. gonorrhoeae is not readily adaptable to laboratory animal models due to its exquisite adaptation to the human host thus making it difficult to study.

A female mouse model has developed nearly 20 years ago. With refinement in the intervening time, this model has proven very useful, especially in the understanding of the complex systemic immune responses model.

Prevention of gonorrhea

As earlier stated, the safest way to prevent gonorrhea or other STDs is through abstinence. If you do engage in sex, always use a condom.

It’s important to be open with your sexual partners, get regular STD testing, and find out if they’ve been tested.

If your partner is showing signs of a possible infection, avoid any sexual contact with them. Ask them to seek medical attention to rule out any possible infection that can be passed on.

You are at a higher risk of contracting gonorrhea if you have already had it or any other STDs.

You are also at a higher risk if you have multiple sexual partners or a new partner.

Treatment of gonorrhea/ gonorrhea antibiotics

Seek medical advice from a physician before taking any medication

• For uncomplicated infection, a single dose of ceftriaxoneplus azithromycin

Uncomplicated gonococcal infection of the urethra, cervix, rectum, and pharynx is treated with the following:

• Preferred: A single dose of ceftriaxone250 mg IM plus azithromycin 1 g orally
• Alternative: A single dose of cefixime400 mg orally plus azithromycin 1 g orally

In patients who have an azithromycin allergy or who immediately vomit the drug, doxycycline 100 mg orally twice a day for 7 days is an alternative to azithromycin as a second antimicrobial.

Patients who are allergic to cephalosporins are treated with one of the following:

• Gemifloxacin320 mg orally plusazithromycin 2 g orally once
• Gentamicin240 mg IM plus azithromycin 2 g orally once

Monotherapy and previous oral regimens of fluoroquinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin) or cefixime are no longer recommended because of increasing drug resistance.

Test of cure is recommended only for patients treated with an alternative regimen for pharyngeal infections.

DGI with gonococcal arthritis is initially treated with IM or IV antibiotics (eg, ceftriaxone 1 g IM or IV every 24 hours, ceftizoxime 1 g IV every 8 hours, cefotaxime 1 g IV every 8 hours) continued for 24 to 48 hours once symptoms lessen, followed by 4 to 7 days of oral therapy.

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